施護

藏中無其獨傳，所存唯編年之數條。《佛祖統紀》記其至漢地之年月與同來之人：「二月北天竺迦濕彌羅國三藏天息災。烏填曩國三藏施護來。召見賜紫衣。」〔T49n2035 0398a04〕；同條下即記譯經院之議——「時上盛意翻譯。」〔T49n2035 0398a06〕，乃詔於太平興國寺西建院，「為三堂。中為譯經。東序為潤文。西序為證義。」〔T49n2035 0398a08〕。至七年，「六月譯經院成。詔天息災等居之。」〔T49n2035 0398a26〕，三人各賜號，施護得「顯教大師」〔T49n2035 0398a27〕，並「令以所將梵本各譯一經。」〔T49n2035 0398a28〕。七月遂各上新譯，「施護上如來莊嚴經。」〔T49n2035 0398b25〕。

The canon preserves no separate life of him; what survives is a handful of entries in the annals. The Chronicle of the Buddhas and Patriarchs records the month of his arrival in China and who came with him: "In the second month the Tripiṭaka master Devaśāntika of Kaśmīra in North India and the Tripiṭaka master Dānapāla of Uḍḍiyāna arrived; they were received in audience and given the purple robe" 〔T49n2035 0398a04〕. The same entry goes on to the founding of the Translation Institute — "at that time the emperor's mind was full of translating" 〔T49n2035 0398a06〕 — and an order was given to build it west of the Taiping Xingguo monastery, "in three halls: the central for translating, the eastern range for polishing the wording, the western range for verifying the sense" 〔T49n2035 0398a07〕. In the seventh year, "in the sixth month the Translation Institute was completed and Devaśāntika and the others were ordered to reside there" 〔T49n2035 0398a26〕; each of the three was granted a title, Dānapāla receiving "Master Who Makes the Teaching Manifest" 〔T49n2035 0398a27〕, and they were "ordered each to translate one scripture from the Sanskrit texts he had brought" 〔T49n2035 0398a28〕. In the seventh month each presented his new translation: "Dānapāla presented the Adornment of the Tathāgata*" 〔T49n2035 0398b25〕.*

他所入的，是一個已有定制的譯場。《佛祖統紀》錄其九位之次第：譯主、證義、證文、書字梵學僧、筆受、綴文、參譯、刊定、潤文官〔T49n2035 0398b08–b19〕；又記其時之議定：「詔答。佛經用字宜從正文。廟諱御名不須回避。」〔T49n2035 0398b23〕。後上覽新譯，「謂宰臣曰。天息災等妙得翻譯之體。」〔T49n2035 0399c04〕，乃有加官之詔：「法天施護並除朝奉大夫試鴻臚卿。」〔T49n2035 0399c06〕。其所自署，則作「朝奉大夫試光祿卿」與「傳法大師」〔T08n0228 0587a07〕——史錄與卷端二稱不同，此處並錄不判。

What he entered was a translation bureau already fixed in its procedure. The Chronicle sets out its nine offices in order: translation-chief, verifier of sense, verifier of text, the Sanskritist who writes the graphs, the receiver by brush, the arranger of the wording, the collator across the two languages, the excisor and fixer, and the official who polishes the prose 〔T49n2035 0398b08–b19〕. It also records a ruling settled in those years: "The reply by edict: in Buddhist scriptures the graphs should follow the correct text; the taboo names of the ancestral temple and of the reigning emperor need not be avoided" 〔T49n2035 0398b23〕. Later, on reading the new translations, the emperor "said to his chief ministers: Devaśāntika and the others have finely caught the very body of translating" 〔T49n2035 0399c04〕, and an edict of promotion followed: "Dharmadeva and Dānapāla were both appointed Grand Master for Court Service and Acting Chamberlain for Dependencies" 〔T49n2035 0399c06〕. His own fascicle-head, however, styles him "Grand Master for Court Service and Acting Chamberlain for the Palace Revenues" and "Master Who Transmits the Dharma" 〔T08n0228 0587a06〕 — the annals and the fascicle-head differ, and both are recorded here without adjudication.

本編之所以與他相涉者二。一為《小品般若》：羅什 T227 之後，宋世更出一譯，即其《佛說佛母出生三法藏般若波羅蜜多經》二十五卷，本編以之為後譯對讀之本，於各品考據逐段列 loc。二為《心經》：其《佛說聖佛母般若波羅蜜多經》屬廣本而具密咒，「即色是空」之句型與獨冠之「怛𭔞他唵」皆在此本，為本編八 witness 之一。二事皆止於文字之對讀——藏中既不記其行事，本編亦不代為敷演。

This edition touches him at two points. The first is the Xiaopin Prajñāpāramitā*: after Kumārajīva's T227, the Song produced one further translation, his* Sūtra of the Buddha-Mother's Birth of the Three Dharma Treasuries of Prajñāpāramitā in twenty-five fascicles, which this edition reads as a later parallel, listing its loci chapter by chapter in the Apparatus. The second is the Heart Sūtra*: his* Sūtra of the Holy Buddha-Mother of Prajñāpāramitā belongs to the expanded recension and carries the dhāraṇī; the "form itself is emptiness" construction and the uniquely prefixed tadyathā oṃ are both found there, and it stands as one of the eight witnesses collated in this edition. Both points stop at the collation of wording: the canon records nothing of his conduct, and this edition does not supply what it does not have.