維摩詰所說經 · 名相Glossary

buddha-landChapter One relates a land to beings, conduct, and mind. Not every occurrence is narrowed to pure land.

pure landUsed for a purified land and the practices of purification. It overlaps with 佛國 and 佛土 without replacing them everywhere.

when the mind is pure, the buddha-land is pureThe conditional movement and both instances of purity remain. The preceding sequence through practice, dedication, skillful means, and accomplishing beings is not omitted.

straightforward mindFirst among the practices of a pure land and later called a site of awakening. It is more than a personality trait.

profound resolveConnected with merit, discipline, renunciation, and the vow to protect the Dharma. Deep mind is not imposed in every syntax.

the mind of awakeningThe resolve for unsurpassed perfect awakening. The full transliterated formula remains distinct.

skillful means／skillfulness in meansVisible in dwelling in the city, teaching, manifested illness, miracles, and the work of benefiting beings. It never has a pejorative sense.

buddha-workChapter Eleven includes light, food, forms, words, silence, and even the skillful use of gates of affliction as means of accomplishing guidance.

inconceivable liberationThe liberation displayed in Chapter Six. Miracles retain the sūtra's limits: things remain as they were and beings are unharmed.

nonduality／nondualNeither identity nor mixture. Chapter Nine preserves each pair before releasing grasping at the fixed reality of its poles.

the Dharma-gate of nondualityThe Chapter Nine navigation title is Entering the Dharma-Gate of Nonduality. Dharma-gate is retained.

Dharma-gateA repeated technical name remains Dharma-gate. Gateway is reserved for ordinary syntax.

great compassionThe illness in Chapter Five arises from great compassion; Chapter Eleven begins not exhausting the conditioned with not abandoning it.

compassion bound to attachment and viewsCompassion entangled in attachment to beings and views about them. The sūtra releases this form without abandoning great compassion.

the root of non-abidingChapter Seven traces all dharmas back to non-abiding. Root is not turned into a separate substance.

emptiness／emptyNever annihilation or nonexistence. It is repeatedly read with non-abandonment, the planting of wholesome roots, and skillful means.

signlessness／signlessOne of the three gates of liberation. Formless is not used where it would erase 相 as mark.

wishlessness；contextually unfabricated／without doingWishlessness in the three gates of liberation; otherwise translated by local syntax.

the three gates of liberation：emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessnessAll three members and their order are preserved.

acceptance of the non-arising of dharmasA benefit received by bodhisattvas in several chapters. Of dharmas is retained; it is not generic patience.

non-attainment／nothing apprehended as attainedBoth negation and attainment remain. It is never changed to does not exist.

cannot be apprehended／is not to be found／cannot be attainedThe form follows syntax and never defaults to does not exist.

the conditioned／the unconditionedChapter Eleven says not to exhaust the conditioned and not to abide in the unconditioned. Neither pole absorbs the other.

not exhausting the conditioned／not abiding in the unconditionedThe first keeps compassionate activity from ending; the second refuses to make realization of emptiness or quiescence the end of the vow.

dharma-bodyChapter Three identifies the Buddha's body as dharma-body; Chapter Twelve's contemplation releases every graspable body-mark. No later body taxonomy is added.

awakeningThe independent term remains awakening and is distinguished from the full formula.

unsurpassed perfect awakeningThe complete goal retains unsurpassed and perfect rather than collapsing into generic awakening.

the four immeasurablesLoving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity remain four and in order.

the four means of gatheringGiving, kind speech, beneficial action, and shared activity, with exact lists kept in their scriptural or commentarial column.

the six perfectionsGiving, ethical discipline, patience, diligent effort, meditation, and prajñā.

the thirty-seven factors of the pathThe seven groups of foundations, right efforts, bases of power, faculties, powers, awakening factors, and path factors are not erased by the collective name.

the offering of DharmaIncludes hearing, trusting and understanding, receiving and retaining, reciting, explaining, and protecting the true Dharma.

the supreme offering of DharmaFurther includes practice as taught, following dependent arising, and the four reliances. It remains distinct from the preceding level.

entrustmentThe final chapter entrusts the scripture to Maitreya, the bodhisattvas, the Four Great Kings, and Ānanda through retaining, teaching, and protection.

receive and retain／upholdRegularly joined to recitation, explanation, and practice as taught; not merely physical preservation of a scroll.

samādhiQualifying names are translated from the transmitted wording without inventing Sanskrit compounds.

afflictionsNot naturalized as ordinary emotion. Chapter Eleven also says buddhas can use gates of affliction skillfully as buddha-work.

Māra／the king MāraAgent and action are preserved. The appearance of Māra in Chapter Four is not generalized into permission for everyone.

purification of the Dharma-eyeA benefit of hearing the Dharma in several chapters, not physical improvement of sight.

śrāvakaA first occurrence may add disciple-hearer when the sentence permits. It is not interchangeable with bodhisattva or pratyekabuddha.

pratyekabuddhaNever replaced by arhat. Forms in parallel translations remain in their own witness column.

bodhisattva-mahāsattvaPlain 菩薩 is not silently upgraded.

sentient beingsNumber, quantifiers, and the beings taught are preserved. T476's 有情 remains in that witness.

the TathāgataTakes the definite article in ordinary reference. Chapter Twelve's contemplation is not reduced to one form.

the World-Honored OneThe established American spelling is used. Chinese uses 祂 for a buddha.

VimalakīrtiReader name in T475, never displaced by T476's Stainless Renown.

Stainless RenownT476 witness name, used only in a witness column or where the shared person is explicit.

MañjuśrīT475 name.

Wondrous AuspiciousnessT476 witness name, not silently inserted into the T475 narrative.

ŚāriputraT475 name. T476's 舍利子 remains in its witness column.

ĀnandaQuestioner about the fragrant rice and recipient of the final entrustment.

MaitreyaRecipient of the prediction dialogue in Chapter Four and the entrustment in Chapter Fourteen. T476's 慈氏 remains in that witness.

Akṣobhya Buddha／the Tathāgata UnmovedThe chapter title retains Akṣobhya Buddha; the T475 narrative commonly says Unmoved. Forms follow the sentence.

the Land of Wondrous JoyTransparent rendering of T475 妙喜. Abhirati is not silently inserted.

Buddha Fragrance-AccumulationT475 name. T476's 最上香臺 remains in its witness column.

the Land of Many FragrancesRetains the concrete fragrance imagery. T476's 一切妙香 remains in its witness column.

the laymanReader designation and form of address for Vimalakīrti, according to syntax.

the goddessŚāriputra's interlocutor in Chapter Seven. No allegorical identity is added.

KumārajīvaTranslator of T475 and the commentator marked 什曰 in T1775.

Zhi QianTranslator of T474.

XuanzangTranslator of T476.

SengzhaoCommentator marked 肇曰 in T1775; not the speaker of 什曰 or 生曰.

DaoshengCommentator marked 生曰 in T1775.

KuijiAuthor of T1782《說無垢稱經疏》, commenting through T476 terminology.