No. 48
心所有法 · 隨煩惱二十 · 第十三 · mental factors · secondary afflictions #13/20

不信Distrust

Āśraddhya · assaddhiya

大隨煩惱之首。心穢為性,惰依為業。

zh · Xuanzang 譯

大隨煩惱之首。心穢為性,惰依為業。

[共傳] 信根為五根之首(SA 646 / SN 48.10 系列,→#19 已詳);不信即此信根之缺失——五根五力建立不起,修行無從開始。漢譯阿含中不信多以「不繫念」「不具信」「信退」等形式出現,無獨立主題經文,而是作為善法退失之先兆表述。

[大乘] 《華嚴經·賢首品》「信為道元功德母,長養一切諸善根」(→#19)之反面:不信即不能生起道元、不能長養善根——一切善法之根本皆受其污染。

《大乘五蘊論》卷一:

心不清淨為性。

——aprasāda(無澄淨)之直譯。心如未沉澱之濁水,此為不信之別相。

《成唯識論》卷六:

云何不信?於實、德、能,不忍、樂、欲,心穢為性。能障淨信,惰依為業。

——玄奘將 Asg 之 kuśaleṣu dharmeṣu(善法一語涵括)擴為 reuse #19 信之 3×3 對境結構(於實、德、能),人為構造一個 perfect 鏡像。「心穢」為 aprasāda(無澄淨)之情感強化,與 #19 之水清珠喻(→#19)互為正反。

又:

不信自相渾濁,復能渾濁餘心心所,如極穢物,自穢穢他。

——此為唯識獨有之「自穢穢他」教義:不信於染法中地位特殊,不只是自身渾濁,還能污染同時生起之一切餘心心所。

又:

中二、不信、懈怠……定實有。

——唯識明立不信為實有自性(own-substance)之獨立心所(→#49 懈怠同此立場)。

按:不信(āśraddhya)為大隨煩惱之首,正對 #19 信(śraddhā);Asg 定義之三心狀軸(無深確信 / 無澄淨 / 無樂欲)為 #19 3×3 結構之 perfect 正反對,業軸(為懈怠所依)直接鏈 #48 → #49 懈怠之緣起鏈。唯識獨有之「自穢穢他」教義,Asg 原文無此明確 phrase,乃 moha-aṃśika + kuśala-dharma 普範圍結構之瑜伽行派明確化。

saṃskṛta

āśraddhya < a-(否定前綴;vṛddhi 後變 ā-,即 a- 之 vṛddhi 形,非「ā-(強化)+ a-(否定)」二前綴疊加)+ śraddhā(信;< śrat-dhā < 印歐祖語 *ḱred-dʰh₁- 「以心置於彼」)+ -ya(抽象後綴)——「不信之質」。

否定前綴 a-/ā- < 印歐祖語 *n̥-——同源英文 un-/in-/non-、希臘 a-/an-(anarchy)、拉丁 in-(incredible)。英文最近字源同源詞:incredulity(拉丁 in-crēdō → incrēdulusin- 為印歐祖語 *n̥- 之拉丁反映,與 ā- 同源)——incredulity 為 āśraddhya 之 closest English etymological sibling。(discreditdis- < 印歐祖語 *dwis-「分」為不同前綴,功能性同義但字源異。)

Pāli assaddhiya < a- + saddhā + -iya,同 a- privative。

《阿毘達磨集論》(阿毘達磨-samuccaya,Pradhan 校本,隨煩惱第十五;GRETIL(哥廷根大學印度語典電子文獻檔)此處 OCR āśradudhvaṃ mangled,校為 āśraddhyaṃ):

āśraddhyaṃ katamat / moha-aṃśikaḥ kuśaleṣu dharmeṣu cetaso 'nabhisaṃpratyayaḥ aprasādaḥ anabhilāṣaḥ / kausīdya-sanniśrayadāna-karmakam //

何為不信?癡分位之,於善法(kuśala-dharma)之 心無深確信(anabhisaṃpratyaya)、無澄淨(aprasāda)、無樂欲(anabhilāṣa)為性。 為懈怠(kausīdya)作所依為業。

與 #19 信之 perfect 3×3 正反對鏡像

對境#19 śraddhā 心狀#48 āśraddhya 心狀(皆加 a-/an-)
(01: astitva 實)abhisaṃpratyaya(深確信)anabhisaṃpratyaya(無深確信)
(01: guṇavattva 德)prasāda(澄淨)aprasāda(無澄淨)
(01: śaktatva 能)abhilāṣa(樂欲)anabhilāṣa(無樂欲)

三心狀軸 perfect 正反對。⚠️ 對境軸不對稱(Asg 義理設計):

  • #19 信:astitva / guṇavattva / śaktatva(三事,specific
  • #48 不信:kuśala-dharma(善法,)——信為正向特定,不信為負向普括,任一善法皆受其染。

業軸亦為 perfect 正反對→#19):

  • #19:chanda-sanniśrayadāna-karmikā(為作所依)
  • #48:kausīdya-sanniśrayadāna-karmakam(為懈怠作所依)

業軸正反對直接鏈 #48 → #49(不信 → 懈怠之義理緣起鏈)。

成唯識論「於實、德、能,不忍、樂、欲,心穢為性。能障淨信,惰依為業」:玄奘將 Asg kuśaleṣu dharmeṣu 一語擴為 reuse #19 之 3×3 對境結構,人為構造 perfect 3×3 正反對鏡像。「心穢」為 aprasāda 之情感強化 gloss,正反於 #19 之水清珠喻(udakappasādaka-maṇi→#19)。

按:印歐祖語 *ḱred-dʰh₁- 之意象為「以心置於彼」——不信即此不置,故心不被被信任之對象錨,處於 unsettled / 未-placed 狀態。aprasāda(無澄淨)即此 unsettled 狀態之 affect——心如未沉澱之濁水,正反於 #19 之水清珠澄淨水面。

pāḷi

Pāli assaddhiya(< a- + saddhā + -iya)。

此為 32-51 中部派義理分歧最大之一條

瑜伽行派南傳
不信地位大隨煩惱第一(#48,定實有自性不獨立心所(cetasika)(saddhā 之缺位)
體性own-substance結構之闕如
與信之關係正反對對立心所(cetasika)saddhā 不在場 = 不信狀態
特殊機制「自穢穢他」無此機制

對比 #42-#43(無慚無愧)——雙條於南傳為普 akusala 心所(cetasika)(第 2、3);但 assaddhā 無此地位——南傳一貫立場:心所為 own-being,無信不具 own-being(只是 saddhā 不在場),故拒立。

42-43 為南北結構最強合契;48 為南北結構最大分歧——同段之內對比。二傳之差非義理對立,乃本體立場不同(own-being 之嚴格度)。本譯依唯識立場。

assaddhā 在 Pāli 經中無獨立心所(cetasika)層定義段——為 saddhā 之結構性否定。

信根(saddhindriya)之 triple 證攝:SN 48.10 / SN 48.9 / AN 5.14(→#19 已詳)——不信即此五法之缺失,五根五力建立不起。

南傳論藏註疏(Aṭṭhasālinī)討論 saddhā 時偶提 assaddha 為 saddhā 之 vipatti(失壞),但仍不立為心所(cetasika)——拒給 own-being。Vism XIV 無 assaddhā 之四相段(結構性缺席,非疏漏)—— 此闕如即南傳義理立場之表徵。

按:不信之南傳 absent-心所(cetasika)地位,與 #42-#43(普 akusala 心所(cetasika),南北傳最強合契)形成同一大隨段中之鮮明對比;唯識立其為實有大隨首法,乃依「染位 own-being 可立」之本體判準,南傳以「缺位非心所(cetasika)」回應。

漢綜述zh-synthesis

詞源

「不信」之梵文 āśraddhya 為否定前綴 a-(vṛddhi 後變 ā-;< 印歐祖語 *n̥-,非「ā- 強化 + a- 否定」二層疊加)+ śraddhā(信;< śrat-dhā < 印歐祖語 *ḱred-dʰh₁- 「以心置於彼」)+ -ya(抽象後綴)——「不以心置之質」「置心之失」。英文最近字源等位詞為 incredulity(拉丁 in-crēdō → incrēdulusin- 為印歐祖語 *n̥- 之拉丁反映,與 ā- 同源;crēdōśraddhā 之 *ḱred-dʰh₁- 根)——incredulity 為 āśraddhya 之最近英文字源姐妹詞。Pāli assaddhiya < a- + saddhā + -iya。本條對立 →#19 信(śraddhā)。

義理

《阿毘達磨集論》定義不信(隨煩惱第十五;GRETIL 此處 OCR āśradudhvaṃ mangled,校為 āśraddhyaṃ):「āśraddhyaṃ katamat / moha-aṃśikaḥ kuśaleṣu dharmeṣu cetaso anabhisaṃpratyayaḥ aprasādaḥ anabhilāṣaḥ / kausīdya-sanniśrayadāna-karmakam //」——「癡分位moha-aṃśika)之,於善法kuśala-dharma)之心無深確信anabhisaṃpratyaya)、無澄淨aprasāda)、無樂欲anabhilāṣa)為性;為懈怠kausīdya)作所依為業。」三心狀軸(深確信/澄淨/樂欲)皆加 a-/an- 否定,為 →#19 信之三心狀逐一反向;業軸(→#19 為欲所依 ↔ 本條為懈怠所依)直接鏈 #48 → →#49 懈怠。《成唯識論》卷六「於實、德、能,不忍、樂、欲,心穢為性;能障淨信,惰依為業」:玄奘將 Asg kuśaleṣu dharmeṣu(善法一語)擴為 reuse →#19 之三事對境(實/德/能),人為構造 perfect 鏡像框架;「心穢」為 aprasāda(無澄淨)之情感強化,正反於 →#19 水清珠喻(udakappasādaka-maṇi)。唯識獨有之「自穢穢他」教義(Asg 無此明確 phrase):不信不只是自身渾濁,還污染同時生起之一切餘心心所,「如極穢物,自穢穢他」。

南北

此條為隨煩惱中南北義理分歧重大之一條:Yogācāra 立不信為大隨煩惱之首(「定實有」),並有「自穢穢他」之獨特機制;Theravāda 不立 assaddhā 為獨立心所(cetasika)——assaddhā 僅為 saddhā 之結構性否定(缺位),無 own-being,Vism XIV 無 assaddhā 之四相段(結構性缺席,非疏漏)。此為 →#46/→#47(南北強合契)之對比案例:同一大隨段中,中隨兩條南北強合契,大隨首條重大分歧——本體論立場之差異(own-being 之嚴格度)。本譯依唯識立場。

修持

不信(āśraddhya)為「以心不置」之質——心未錨定於實(astitva)、德(guṇavattva)、能(śaktatva)三事,處於 unsettled 之未安置狀態,是 aprasāda(無澄淨)如未沉澱之濁水。業軸「為懈怠(→#49)所依」揭示此鏈:不信在先,懈怠在後。「自穢穢他」之機制使不信在修行上特別難以對治:諸心心所皆受其染,連用以對治之念與慧亦被其渾濁。對治之道為回復 →#19 信之三事對境——對「實」之深確信(abhisaṃpratyaya)、對「德」之澄淨(prasāda)、對「能」之樂欲(abhilāṣa)——不是直接「對抗不信」。

譯名

玄奘以「不信」承此義,「不」字合 a- 否定。英譯 Distrust 取「置心之失」之主動義,較 lack of faith 之單純缺位說更能表達 Asg 之 moha-aṃśika 分位積極染性。

不信 ——癡分位之,於實、德、能,不忍、樂、欲,心穢為性;能障淨信,惰依為業。

英綜述en-synthesis

Etymology

Sanskrit āśraddhya compounds the privative prefix a- (PIE *n̥-, vṛddhi-strengthened to ā- by vowel-grade lengthening — not two separate prefixes) with śraddhā ("trust," < śrat-dhā < PIE *ḱred-dʰh₁- "to place the heart") and the abstract suffix -ya. The etymological payoff: āśraddhya = "the quality of not-placing-the-heart." The PIE privative *n̥- gives English un-/in-, Greek a-/an- (as in anarchy), and Latin in-. Latin crēdō descends from the same *ḱred-dʰh₁- root as śraddhā; the Latin negation in-crēdō → incrēdulus → incredulity is therefore āśraddhya's closest English etymological sibling — both compounding PIE *n̥- (negation) + PIE *ḱred- (heart-placing). English discredit uses PIE *dwis- ("apart") rather than *n̥-, so the etymology is different even if the semantic range overlaps.

Doctrinal frame

Āśraddhya is the first of the eight major secondary afflictions (mahā-upakleśa, 大隨煩惱). Asaṅga's Abhidharma-samuccaya defines it as the mind's anabhisaṃpratyaya (no firm conviction), aprasāda (no serene clarity), and anabhilāṣa (no aspiration) — each a negated form of the corresponding quality in śraddhā (#19). This is a perfect three-fold sign-flip on the mental-state axis; the object axis is deliberately widened from śraddhā's specific three objects (real/virtuous/capable) to a generic kuśaleṣu dharmeṣu (wholesome dharmas in general). The widening is doctrinal, not a simplification: āśraddhya contaminates any wholesome dharma it touches, while śraddhā is targeted toward specific objects of trust. The function clause kausīdya-sanniśrayadāna (providing the basis for sloth) directly chains #48 → #49: distrust is the upstream condition from which sloth flows.

Cross-tradition

The Yogācāra-Theravāda divergence on this dharma's status as an independent cetasika: Yogācāra establishes āśraddhya as own-substance (「定實有」) and uniquely teaches that it is 「自穢穢他」 — self-polluting and other-polluting, like an extremely foul substance that contaminates whatever it co-arises with. This teaching, found in the Cheng Weishi Lun but not in Asaṅga's own text, is a doctrinal extension of Asaṅga's implicit structure (moha-aṃśika + kuśala-dharma universal scope). Theravāda Abhidhamma, by contrast, does not list assaddhā as a cetasika: non-faith is the structural absence of saddhā, not a positive defilement. Against the strong north-south convergence at #42-#43 (both traditions list ahirika/anottappa as universal akusala cetasikas), #48 marks the sharpest point of divergence in the 大隨煩惱 cluster.

Practitioner's seam

Where śraddhā is "the heart placed on what is real, virtuous, and capable," āśraddhya is the heart's failure to settle — not a propositional rejection but an affective non-movement. When āśraddhya arises, the very faculties that would address it (mindfulness, concentration, wisdom) are contaminated by it. The Yogācāra recommendation follows the structure: since āśraddhya arises as the sign-flip of śraddhā, restore śraddhā by attending to its three objects (real/virtuous/capable) rather than arguing directly with distrust.

Translation

Distrust — toward what is real (astitva), virtuous (guṇavattva), and capable (śaktatva): no firm conviction, no serene clarity, no aspiration. This is its nature. To provide the basis on which sloth can arise: this is its function.

translator's note

譯者按: 不信為大隨煩惱之首,是 #19 信(śrad-dhā)之 perfect 3×3 正反對——三心狀(深確信/澄淨/樂欲)皆加否定前綴,業軸(為欲所依 ↔ 為懈怠所依)亦正反對直接鏈 #48 → #49。唯識「自穢穢他」之獨有教義(Asg 無此明確 phrase,乃隱含結構之瑜伽行派明確化)使不信於 51 心所染法中地位特殊:一切同起之心所皆被其渾濁,非單向污染自身。結構分析詳 S3-P08。