No. 4
心法 · 前五識 · 第四 · consciousnesses · the five sense-consciousnesses #4/5

舌識Tongue-consciousness

Jihvā-vijñāna · jivhā-viññāṇa

心王八識之第四。前五識之第四。三能變中之了境能變(第三能變)。依舌根(→#63),緣味境(→#68),性境現量通三性。合中取境之第二識(→#3 已詳此分判)。

zh · Xuanzang 譯

心王八識之第四。前五識之第四。三能變中之了境能變(第三能變)。依舌根(→#63),緣味境(→#68),性境現量通三性。合中取境之第二識(→#3 已詳此分判)。

[共傳] 《雜阿含經》六入處段(T2n0099):

緣舌、味,生舌識。

[大乘] 《解深密經》卷一·心意識相品(玄奘譯,T16n0676,T16.0692b–c):

阿陀那識為依止、為建立故,六識身轉⋯⋯耳鼻舌身及聲香味觸為緣,生耳鼻舌身識,與耳鼻舌身識俱隨行,同時、同境,有分別意識轉。

——舌識於《解深密》之四識平行論中與耳鼻身同列:皆依阿陀那識(即阿賴耶 →#8),皆與五俱意識(→#6)同時同境而轉(詳 →#2 之大乘段)。

《成唯識論》卷五(前六轉識三性,T31n1585,T31.0028a):

此六轉識,何性攝耶?謂善、不善、俱非性攝。

《八識規矩補註》(T45n1865)前五識體性頌:

性境現量通三性。

——舌識緣性境(真實相分),唯現量(不起比量計度),通善、惡、無記三性。相應心所 34(同前五識;→#1 已詳)。

諸緣

舌識七緣方生(同鼻識;合中取境之七緣模式,→#3 已詳):

1. 根舌根(淨色根,→#63
2. 境味境(→#68
3. 作意遍行心所(→#9)—— 警心趣境
4. 分別依第六意識(→#6)—— 五俱意識同時起分別
5. 染淨依第七末那識(→#7)—— 恆審思量為俱有所依
6. 根本依第八阿賴耶識(→#8)—— 種子所藏
7. 種子舌識自種子(第八識所持,現行所熏)

「空」「明」二緣之缺乃合中取境之必然——味境須與舌根直接接觸方起識(無距離可言,無光明可資)。諸緣遞減鏈:眼 9 → 耳 8 → 鼻//身 7 → 第六意識 5 → 末那 4 → 阿賴耶 4。

至佛位

前五識共轉為成所作智→#1 已詳)。舌識所轉之獨特處在於:佛之受供——接受眾生所獻之食、以舌識緣其味境之刹那,正是轉淨舌識之直接起作;此於小乘律之乞食、大乘菩薩道之供養文化中皆為於義理為結構性之動作,非偶然之儀軌。舌兼為味之器與語之器→#4 漢段按已詳此分判):味境屬舌識所緣,發語屬意識主動之語業;至佛位則二維度皆為轉淨識所攝持,於說法、受供二場域同時起作。

按:四層引文呈舌識義之架構位置,與鼻識(→#3)架構上平行。舌之所緣為味境(rasa)—— 印度醫學傳統之六味(甘、酸、辛、苦、鹹、澀;ṣaḍ-rasa)即舌識之現象的範疇。值得別出者:之物理器官兼味之器(舌識所緣)與語之器(語業所依),然舌唯緣味境;發語屬意識主動之語業範疇,舌僅為動作之器而非舌識之所攝。器之雙重功能(嘗 / 說法)不破識之單一所緣(rasa)。

saṃskṛta

jihvā-vijñāna < jihvā(舌,→#63 已詳)+ vijñāna(識,→#1 已詳)。雙詞根之合:舌之器(印歐祖語 *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂-)+ 分別之知(印歐祖語 *ǵneh₃-)。

jihvā 為前五識中印歐同源網絡完整之案例 —— 印歐祖語 *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂-「舌」於諸印歐語支皆有可確認之反映:

同源
拉丁 lingua舌;語言(< 古拉丁 dinguad-l- 為拉丁 internal 不規則演變)
英文 tongue< OE tunge < PGmc *tungōn-
英文 language, lingual< 拉丁 lingua(即 jihvā 之同源詞之衍生)
古教會斯拉夫 językъ舌;民族;語言
古愛爾蘭 teng

梵文 jihvā 之字首 j- 為不規則反映(規則上印歐祖語 *d- 應 → 梵 d-,而非 j-)—— 此於印歐比較語言學中為著名異象,雖如此,jihvā 屬 *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂- 同源詞群已為公認之事。一字之表面不規則不破其系統同源性 ——此與鼻識(→#3)之 fragrō 案例恰相反:彼為表面相似而系統地不對應,故為偽同源;此則表面不規則而系統地對應充分,故為 true 同源。

⚠ In Review · 《阿毘達磨集論》(Abhidharma-samuccaya)梵本無獨立之 jihvā-vijñāna 定義段 —— 《集論》之識蘊定義以 vijānana(了別)總覆八識;前五識個別分判出自《唯識三十頌》第三能變框架(偈 8bc: viṣayasyopalabdhiḥ sā)及《成唯識論》傳統(→#1 已詳)。

《唯識三十頌》(Triṃśikā)+ 安慧釋(Triṃśikā-bhāṣya [Tvbh_70]):

cakṣurādivijñānaṃ ṣaṭprakāram api viṣayavijñaptiḥ ǀ

眼等諸識(共六種,含舌識)皆為境之了別

cakṣurādi」(眼等)之 ādi 攝舌識於典範之內(→#2 已詳此架構形式)。

按:成唯識論卷五「次第三能變,差別有六種,了境為性相」即《唯識三十頌》(Triṃśikā)偈 8bc 之逐字對應;舌識之獨立教義(七緣方生、合中取境)出自玄奘成論之《成唯識論》傳統,非《唯識三十頌》(Triṃśikā)直陳。雙詞根印歐祖語同源網絡之強對比jihvā* 之印歐祖語 *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂- 鏈跨拉丁、日耳曼、斯拉夫、凱爾特諸支(→#1vijñāna 之 √jñā 跨同等廣度),而 #3 鼻識之 ghrāṇa 限於印度伊朗——同類心法之印歐祖語詞源廣度差異懸殊,提示讀者:印歐同源之有無乃系統地而非臆想。*

pāḷi

南傳限於六識,舌識於南北傳判攝完全共傳,皆名 jivhā-viññāṇa;分歧僅在 manas→#7)與 ālaya-vijñāna→#8)二識之有無(→#1 已詳)。

Pāli 對應jivhā-viññāṇa。Skt → Pāli 之語音對應於此處有顯著之字位易位(metathesis):梵 jihvā (* j-i-h-v-ā) → 巴 jivhā (* j-i-v-h-ā) —— hv 簡化為 vh,是巴利語對梵語複輔音之獨特處理(不同於鼻識之 ghr → gh 之詞族簡化)。巴利語標準形式為短不送氣之 jivhā,與梵語標準長送氣之 jihvā 構成系統對偶。

南傳論藏《阿毘達摩攝義論》(Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha II)將 jivhā-viññāṇa 列為 89/121 種 citta 之中之二:一為善異熟(kusala-vipāka),一為不善異熟(akusala-vipāka)—— 視舌識為心識流(citta-vīthi)中「嚐」之刹那,緣舌根、味境、過去業之異熟而起。

《相應部·六處相應》SN 35 系列諸經之舌識生起公式:

Jivhañca paṭicca rase ca uppajjati jivhā-viññāṇaṃ.

緣舌與味,生舌識。

同公式亦見《大念處經》DN 22 法隨觀·六入處段、《中部》MN 148 Chachakkasutta。「根境識三事和合」之公式於六識皆逐字可代換,與《雜阿含》「緣舌、味,生舌識」一致。

按:舌識為南北傳完全共傳之教義;合中取境之分判亦為南北傳共識——南傳論藏亦明 rasa 須與 jivhāppasāda(舌淨色)直接接觸方起 jivhā-viññāṇa字位易位 jihvā / jivhā 為梵巴對應中之顯眼異形——此一不規則對應於語言學上有歷史音變之充分解釋,於詮釋上不影響教義。

漢綜述zh-synthesis

詞源

「舌識」之梵文 jihvā-vijñāna 為兩段合成——jihvā(舌,→#63 已詳,印歐祖語 *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂-「舌」,同源於拉丁 lingua / 英文 tongue / language)+ vijñāna(識,→#1 已詳)。⭐ 梵 jihvā 之字首 j- 為印歐祖語 *d- 之不規則反映(規律上應 → 梵 d-),然此表面不規則對應不破其系統同源性——與 →#3 ghrāṇa 之「表面相似而系統不對應」之偽同源案例恰成對比。Pāli jivhā-viññāṇajihvājivhā 為字位易位(hvvh)而非規律輔音群簡化。

義理

舌識為了境能變第三之前五識分位之第四條(→#1 已詳此分位共式)。義理特徵與 →#3 鼻識平行:七緣方生、合中取境(→#3 已詳此分判),性境現量通三性、34 心所相應、無分別。印度醫學傳統之六味(甘酸辛苦鹹澀,ṣaḍ-rasa)為舌識所緣味境(→#68 已詳)之現象學分類。注意:舌之器官兼味之器與語之器,然舌唯緣味境——發語屬意識主動之語業(→#6),器之雙重功能不破識之單一所緣。諸緣三依(→#6/#7/#8)全同 →#1。至佛位 → 與餘四識共轉成所作智→#1 已詳)。南北傳判攝完全共傳→#1)。

南北

→#1 同——南北傳判攝完全共傳(→#1)。

修持

舌識之修持涵義在飲食之刹那——禪門「食前五觀」(食存五念)以正念安住於舌識緣味境之當下,以味覺之直接顯現對治飲食中之貪著(→#30)與厭惡(→#31)。

譯名

「舌識」玄奘直譯;英譯 Tongue-consciousness 沿 →#1 譯式。

舌識 ——依舌根,緣味境,了別為性;性境現量,無分別為相;通善、不善、俱非三性。

英綜述en-synthesis

Etymology

Sanskrit jihvā-vijñāna compounds jihvā (the tongue-faculty, see →#63) with vijñāna (discriminating awareness, see →#1). The Pāli jivhā-viññāṇa preserves the compound through standard Pāli phonological adjustments — most notably the metathesis hvvh in the Sanskrit-to-Pāli transition for this word.

The Indo-European etymology of jihvā is the strongest in the 前五識 group. PIE *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂- "tongue" yields a rich cognate set across the major branches: Latin lingua (Old Latin dingua, with an irregular Latin-internal d-l- shift) → English language, lingual, linguistic; Germanic *tungōn- → Old English tunge → English tongue; Old Church Slavonic językъ; Old Irish teng. The Sanskrit j- itself is irregular (PIE *d- would normally yield Sanskrit d-), but this is a documented anomaly and does not destabilize the cognate identification — the surface irregularity sits atop a systematic correspondence that other features of the word preserve. The contrast with ghrāṇa (→#3) is instructive: there, surface similarity to Latin fragrō without systematic correspondence yielded a false cognate; here, surface irregularity against systematic correspondence yields a true cognate. The discipline is the same in both cases — what counts is regular sound-law mapping, not visual or auditory resemblance.

Doctrinal frame

Like all five sense-consciousnesses, tongue-consciousness operates by direct perception only (pratyakṣa / 現量) — taste is registered as such before any concept of "what tastes like what." The traditional Indian medical analysis enumerates six tastes (ṣaḍ-rasa / 六味): sweet (madhura / 甘), sour (amla / 酸), salty (lavaṇa / 鹹), pungent (kaṭu / 辛), bitter (tikta / 苦), and astringent (kaṣāya / 澀). These are the phenomenological categories of jihvā-vijñāna's object-domain. The tongue-consciousness apprehends the actual gustatory object (vastu / 性境) and is itself morally neutral (通三性). As with the preceding sense-consciousnesses, Abhidharma-samuccaya gives no per-識 definition; the Triṃśikā-Sthiramati frame folds tongue-consciousness under cakṣurādi-vijñānaṃ ṣaṭprakāram api viṣaya-vijñaptiḥ.

Seven conditions. Tongue-consciousness, like nose- and body-consciousness, requires seven conditions — neither distance (ākāśa / 空) nor light (āloka / 明). Taste operates only in direct contact between tongue and substance: the dissolution of the substance in saliva, the contact of dissolved molecules with taste-receptors on the tongue, the arising of the gustatory cognition. The seven conditions (faculty, object, attention, the three deep-mind dependencies — manas →#7, mano-vijñāna →#6, ālaya →#8 — and the seed) parallel those of nose- and body-consciousness exactly. The contact-mode (合中取境) shared with nose and body explains the architectural seven; the qualitative shift to contact-mode is what distinguishes the inner three from the outer two distance-senses.

Cross-tradition

Tongue-consciousness is shared canon. Both Theravāda and Yogācāra recognize jivhā-viññāṇa / jihvā-vijñāna as arising from the meeting of tongue-faculty, taste-object, and discriminating cognition; the Pāli formula jivhañca paṭicca rase ca uppajjati jivhā-viññāṇaṃ (SN 35, DN 22, MN 148) is verbatim what the Chinese Saṃyuktāgama gives as 「緣舌、味,生舌識」. The contact-mode (合中取境) analysis is shared: Theravāda Abhidhamma similarly requires direct contact between rasa (taste) and jivhāppasāda (tongue-sensitivity) for jivhā-viññāṇa to arise. Jivhā-viññāṇa in Theravāda is one of 89 (or 121) types of citta, with two varieties (one wholesome-resultant, one unwholesome-resultant), analyzed within the citta-vīthi framework. The Yogācāra additions are architectural — seven conditions made explicit, three deep-mind dependencies named — not corrections but elaborations.

Practitioner's seam

Eating sits at the meeting point of three of the most powerful conditioning forces in unawakened experience: bodily craving (tṛṣṇā on its most basic, somatic register), identification with the body, and reflexive habits of pleasure-seeking. Each mouthful is a moment in which "I am eating" can be reinforced or examined. The Chan five contemplations at meals (食前五觀) — recalling the labor that produced the food, examining one's own merit relative to it, guarding the mind from craving and aversion (rāga →#30 / dveṣa →#31), treating food as medicine for the body, accepting it as support for the path — uses tongue-consciousness as the precise object on which mindfulness rests during a daily activity that would otherwise auto-pilot. A doctrinal subtlety must be marked: although jihvā is etymologically and physically the organ of both taste and speech (the Latin lingua preserves this dual function in a single word), tongue-consciousness cognizes only taste. Speech is mind-consciousness operating through the tongue as effector — speech-action belongs to vāk-karman (語業) and is governed by mano-vijñāna (→#6), not by jihvā-vijñāna. The classical disciplines of guarded eating (bhojane mātrā-jñatā) and guarded speech (vāk-saṃvara) share an organ but operate at different cognitive levels — a distinction worth preserving against the tempting collapse that the tongue's dual function might invite.

Translation

Tongue-consciousness — the discriminating cognition that arises depending on the tongue-faculty and its gustatory object. Apprehends taste directly by perception, in the contact-mode (without distance or light), without conceptual construction. Morally neutral in itself; takes its ethical valence from the mental factors it co-arises with.

translator's note

譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P02、S3-P06。舌識(jihvā-vijñāna,#4)為前五識中 印歐祖語同源網絡完整之心法 —— jihvā < 印歐祖語 *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂- 跨拉丁(lingua)、日耳曼(tongue)、斯拉夫、凱爾特諸支,與鼻識(→#3)之印度伊朗語支限定形成顯眼對比,反顯印歐詞源學之系統地學科。教義細微處:舌之器兼味之器與語之器,然舌識唯緣味境,發語屬意識主動之語業範疇——器之雙重功能不破識之單一所緣。