無瞋Non-aversion
善心所之第五。三善根之二(→#22 →#24)。於苦苦具,無恚為性,作善為業。與三毒之二 #31 瞋(→#31)相對——adveṣa / dveṣa 為 a- 前綴之正反一對。
漢zh · Xuanzang 譯
善心所之第五。三善根之二(→#22 →#24)。於苦苦具,無恚為性,作善為業。與三毒之二 #31 瞋(→#31)相對——adveṣa / dveṣa 為 a- 前綴之正反一對。
經
[共傳] 《雜阿含經》卷十四(經344),三善根「如實知」定義(與 →#22 →#24 同段):
云何善根如實知?謂三善根——無貪、無恚、無癡——是名三善根,如是善根如實知。
[大乘] 《增一阿含經》卷十三:
有此三善根。云何為三?不貪善根、不恚善根、不癡善根。若有此三善根者,便有二善處,涅槃為三。
論
《成唯識論》卷六:
云何無瞋?於苦、苦具,無恚為性。對治瞋恚,作善為業。
「苦」指苦受,「苦具」指引發苦受之因緣。論又判:
善心起時,隨緣何境,皆於有等無著、無恚……非要緣彼。
無瞋與無貪(→#22)同為俱遍善心——善心生起,無瞋必伴。
《大乘五蘊論》卷一定義無瞋:
以慈為性。
直接以「慈」(mettā / maitry)等同無瞋——北傳早期唯識論典(T31n1612)明文立此等式,與南傳 Atthasālinī adoso eva mettā 獨立收斂(見下巴段)。
按:無瞋(adveṣa)↔ 瞋(pratigha,→#31)於 Asg 為 perfect Skt 鏡像:三層對象(sattva / duḥkha / duḥkha-sthānīya)完全相同,唯 anāghāta(無瞋)↔ āghāta(瞋)之 affect 反向。三善根之 a- 前綴鏡像設計,與 →#30 貪↔→#22 無貪、→#32 癡↔→#24 無癡同一系統性構造(→#22 →#24)。
梵saṃskṛta
a-(否定前綴)+ dveṣa < √dviṣ(憎、敵、惡)——「不憎」「不敵對」。
印歐祖語 *dwey-(為懼、為敵)。同源於 Avestan duuaēšah(敵意)、Ancient Greek deinós(可懼之、恐怖的——英文 dinosaur 即「可怖之蜥蜴」之 Greek 構造)、Latin dīrus(可怖)→ 英文 dire(凶險)。故 adveṣa 之英文最近同源詞為 dire——「不可怖之態」。
Pāli dosa 為梵 dveṣa 之規則語音變化(dv-→d-;以現代 PED、DPD 為依據);舊時將 dosa 別屬 √duṣ(壞、染)為民間詞源,今學界已校正。Pāli adosa 直承 Skt adveṣa。
《阿毘達磨集論》(阿毘達磨-samuccaya,Pradhan 校本,善心所第五,三善根之二):
adveṣaḥ katamaḥ / sattveṣu duḥkhe duḥkha-sthānīyeṣu ca dharmeṣu anāghātaḥ / duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna-karmakaḥ //
何為無瞋?於諸有情(sattva)、苦(duḥkha)、 苦境(duḥkha-sthānīya)諸法之無害心(anāghāta = 不擊不打)為性。 業同無貪(→#22)——惡行不行作所依。
成唯識論「於苦、苦具,無恚為性」乃 Asg 之逐字對應——duḥkha/duḥkha-sthānīya = 苦/苦具;anāghāta = 無恚(āghāta literal force = 擊打、攻)。Asg 三層對象(有情 + 苦 + 苦境)中之首層「sattveṣu」(於諸有情)玄奘略——含於「苦具」內,義理上無分歧。
無瞋與其反面 pratigha(瞋,→#31)於 Asg 中為 perfect Skt mirror:
| 條目 | affect | 三層對象 |
|---|---|---|
| 無瞋 (#23) | anāghāta(不擊) | sattveṣu / duḥkhe / duḥkha-sthānīyeṣu |
| 瞋 (#31) | āghāta(擊) | sattveṣu / duḥkhe / duḥkha-sthānīyeṣu |
三層對象完全一致,唯 affect 反向——此為 Asg morphological 鏡像對偶之最精確案例。
按:成唯識論「於苦、苦具,無恚為性」中「有情」一層(sattveṣu)省略,含攝於「苦具」內——此略攝為表面差異,非義理分歧。Asg 明確將「有情」置於無瞋之首要對象,使 adveṣa 天然具備 mettā(慈)之方向性。大乘五蘊論「以慈為性」、Atthasālinī adoso eva mettā 二說皆由此「有情首位」之結構推出。
巴pāḷi
遍美心所(sobhana-sādhāraṇa 心所(cetasika)),三善根(kusala-mūla)之第二。南傳論藏(論藏)系統中,adosa 直接等同 mettā(慈)——無瞋為四無量心之首 mettā-bhāvanā 之心所基礎。
《增支部》AN 3.69(Mūla Sutta)—— akusala/kusala-mūla 正反並列:
Tīṇimāni bhikkhave kusalamūlāni: alobho kusalamūlaṃ, adoso kusalamūlaṃ, amoho kusalamūlaṃ.
比丘,有此三善根:無貪、無瞋、無癡。
《中部》MN 9(Sammādiṭṭhi Sutta)——舍利弗以三善根/三不善根之如實知為正見之核心 16 門之一。
《分別論註》(Atthasālinī)逐字立 adoso eva mettā——「無瞋即慈」:
Adoso ti adussanavasena adussanā-bhāvo. Etena lakkhaṇena cattāro brahmavihārā gahitā.
以「不染、不忤」為 adosa;此 lakkhaṇa 涵蓋四梵住(mettā/karuṇā/muditā/upekkhā)。
故南傳 mettā-bhāvanā 直接以 adosa 心所(cetasika)為心所基礎。此一 adosa = mettā 之 identification 與北傳《大乘五蘊論》卷一「以慈為性」獨立收斂——南北傳於無瞋之義理等同 mettā 上完全一致。
論
《清淨道論》XIV.143 以四相分析無瞋:
| 四相 | Pāli | 義 |
|---|---|---|
| 相 lakkhaṇa | acaṇḍikka | 無凶暴 |
| 業 rasa | āghāta-vinayana | 除去害心 |
| 現 paccupaṭṭhāna | somma-bhāva / anuruddha-bhāva | 順可、隨順 |
| 足處 padaṭṭhāna | yoniso-manasikāra | 如理作意 |
Vism XIV.144 進一步明立:adoso eva mettā——「無瞋即慈」。
按:Asg anāghāta(無打擊)= Vism āghāta-vinayana(除去打擊)——同根(āghāta)之否定/除去形,為 51 心所中南北傳 function-軸最強逐字合契——非僅同義,乃同根字。adoso eva mettā(無瞋即慈)使此 anāghāta 之結構具體化為慈之心所基礎。
漢綜述zh-synthesis
「無瞋」之梵文 adveṣa 為否定前綴 a- + dveṣa(< √dviṣ「憎、敵、惡」)——「不憎」「不敵對」「不擊打」。印歐祖語 *dwey-(為懼、為敵)同源於 Avestan duuaēšah(敵意)、古希臘 deinós(可懼之、恐怖的——英文 dinosaur 即「可怖之蜥蜴」之 Greek 構造)、拉丁 dīrus(可怖)→ 英文 dire(凶險)。故 adveṣa 之英文最近詞源親族為 dire——無瞋之義為「不可怖之態」、「不成為他者之 dire」。巴利 dosa 為梵 dveṣa 之規則語音變化(dv-→d-;現代辭典 PED、DPD 確認),舊時別屬 √duṣ(壞、染)為民間詞源,今學界已校正。
《阿毘達磨集論》定義無瞋(善心所第五,三善根之二):「adveṣaḥ katamaḥ / sattveṣu duḥkhe duḥkha-sthānīyeṣu ca dharmeṣu anāghātaḥ / duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna-karmakaḥ //」——「於諸有情(sattva)、苦(duḥkha)、苦境(duḥkha-sthānīya)諸法之不擊(anāghāta)為性;業同無貪(→#22)——惡行不行作所依。」《成唯識論》卷六「於苦、苦具,無恚為性;對治瞋恚,作善為業」乃此梵文之逐字對應:duḥkha/duḥkha-sthānīya = 苦/苦具;anāghāta = 無恚。Asg 三層對象(有情 + 苦 + 苦境)中「有情首位」(sattveṣu)於玄奘略為含攝於「苦具」,義理無分歧——正是此「有情首位」使 adveṣa 天然具備 mettā(慈)之方向性。無瞋 ↔ 瞋(pratigha,→#31)於 Asg 中為精密之形態學鏡像:三層對象(sattveṣu / duḥkhe / duḥkha-sthānīyeṣu)完全一致,唯 anāghāta(無擊)↔ āghāta(擊)之情向反向——同一架構、正反各向。
南北傳皆立無瞋為三善根之二、遍美心所。《增支部》AN 3.69(Mūla Sutta)以三不善根/三善根正反並列:「alobho kusalamūlaṃ, adoso kusalamūlaṃ, amoho kusalamūlaṃ」;《中部》MN 9(Sammādiṭṭhi Sutta)以三善根/三不善根之如實知為正見十六門之一。南傳《分別論注》(Atthasālinī)明立 adoso eva mettā——「無瞋即慈」:「Adoso ti adussanavasena adussanā-bhāvo. Etena lakkhaṇena cattāro brahmavihārā gahitā.」——以不染、不忤為 adosa,此特徵涵蓋四梵住。北傳《大乘五蘊論》卷一「以慈為性」與此獨立收斂——南北傳於無瞋之義理等同 mettā 上完全一致。《清淨道論》XIV.143 以四相析無瞋:相 acaṇḍikka(無凶暴)、業 āghāta-vinayana(除去害心)、現 somma-bhāva / anuruddha-bhāva(順可、隨順)、足處 yoniso-manasikāra(如理作意)。Asg anāghāta(無擊)= Vism āghāta-vinayana(除去打擊)——同根(āghāta)之否定/除去形;善心所中南北傳業用軸之同字根合契案例。
三善根(→#22 →#23 →#24)於《成唯識論》判為「俱遍善心」——隨一切善心而起,無瞋不單獨修習,而是與無貪、無癡同時共立。無瞋若無無貪(→#22),非執之解除而以無瞋為面、實仍以厭倦替代黏著;無瞋若無無癡(→#24),不擊之態或無方向。無瞋之正面展開為 mettā(慈):Asg 定義以有情為首層對象,使不擊之定向正向化為「對有情之溫暖」,是慈之心所根基。此外,adveṣa(→#23)⊃ ahiṃsā(→#29)——不害為無瞋之 karuṇā 面向(悲愍之展開),Asg 明文以「adveṣa-aṃśikā karuṇatā」定義不害——無瞋為善心所群中正向情向之底層 (mettā + karuṇā 兩面之共同基礎)。
玄奘以「無瞋」直承 Asg adveṣa,前綴 a- 之否定以「無」字呈現,梵漢結構完全對齊。「無恚」(成唯識論用字)為同義,偏向情緒面(恚 = 憤恚);「無瞋」較寬,可涵蓋由微細厭離至明顯憤怒之全域。英譯 Non-aversion(菩提比丘)優於 Non-hatred(過窄)或 Loving-kindness(混淆心所與其功能)。⭐ 無瞋為三善根之二,承 →#22 無貪、開 →#24 無癡;對治 →#31 瞋,形成 a- 前綴正反鏡像;adveṣa = mettā(慈之心所基礎)為善心所中之南北傳獨立收斂之等式(Asg 「有情首位」結構與 Vism adoso eva mettā 各自推出同一識別)。
無瞋 ——於諸有情、苦、苦境,無恚為性;對治瞋恚,作善為業。
英綜述en-synthesis
Sanskrit adveṣa compounds the negation a- with dveṣa, from √dviṣ "to hate, to be hostile, to fear." The PIE root *dwey- "to fear, to be hostile" yields a coherent IE cognate set: Avestan duuaēšah (hostility), Greek deinós (terrible, dread — preserved in dinosaur, "terrible lizard"), Latin dīrus (fearful, dire) → English dire. Adveṣa's closest English etymological cognate is dire: the negation of dire-affect, non-direness. Pāli dosa is the regular phonological reflex of dveṣa (dv- → d-), as confirmed by modern lexicography (PED, DPD); the older derivation from √duṣ "to corrupt" is treated as folk-etymology.
Adveṣa is the fifth of the eleven wholesome cetasikas in Yogācāra and the second of the three wholesome roots (kuśala-mūla, 三善根). Asaṅga's Abhidharma-samuccaya defines it as sattveṣu duḥkhe duḥkha-sthānīyeṣu ca dharmeṣu anāghātaḥ — "with respect to beings, suffering, and the conditions of suffering, the absence-of-striking" (anāghāta literally meaning not-attacking). The function clause is identical to alobha's (#22): providing the basis for the non-arising of bad conduct. The structural symmetry with the corresponding kleśa is exact: adveṣa's definition is the mirror of pratigha (#31) — same three objects (sattva / duḥkha / duḥkha-sthānīya), with the affect-vector reversed (anāghāta vs āghāta). Asaṅga builds wholesome and unwholesome dharmas as systematically opposed pairs at the morpheme level.
The adveṣa = mettā identification. Across separate transmission lines, the Atthasālinī directly identifies adosa with mettā — the cetasika of non-aversion is the cetasika-basis of loving-kindness. The Mahāyāna-Pañcaskandhaka (大乘五蘊論) makes the same identification: 無瞋以慈為性. Two traditions, independently, name adveṣa as mettā's underlying mental factor. Visuddhimagga XIV.143 reinforces the structural identity at the function level: adosa's function is āghāta-vinayana — the removal of striking — which is morphologically the negation of Asaṅga's āghāta. The two systems agree not just in semantic gist but at the root-morpheme level: the same Sanskrit-Pāli root √ghāt / ghāta (to strike) is negated in both traditions to define adveṣa.
The Yogācāra distinction between adveṣa (#23) and ahiṃsā (#29) makes the architecture precise: adveṣa is the cetasika; ahiṃsā (non-harming, the karuṇā-mode) is a prajñapti factor — not separately substantial but the karuṇā application of adveṣa in operation. Theravāda's parallel: adosa is the cetasika; karuṇā (compassion) is its specific operation. Same structure, different naming convention.
Adveṣa is not the suppression of anger but the transformation of stance toward the same objects. Where pratigha (#31) treats sentient beings, suffering, and suffering-conditions as objects to strike against, adveṣa meets the same objects without striking. Without alobha (#22), the non-striking risks becoming detached tolerance — peace bought by withdrawal. Without amoha (#24), the non-striking risks directional blindness. The Cheng Weishi Lun judges all three wholesome roots as 俱遍善心 — the wholesomeness of any moment of mind is precisely their simultaneous presence.
Non-aversion — toward beings, suffering, and the conditions that produce suffering, the absence of striking-back: this is its nature. To provide the basis upon which bad conduct fails to arise — to counter hatred and to enact what is wholesome: this is its function.
譯translator's note
譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P08。無瞋(adveṣa / anāghāta)↔ 瞋(pratigha / āghāta,→#31)之 morphological 鏡像,是 Asg 同根取否定形之最清晰案例:Vism āghāta-vinayana(除去打擊)以「同根除去形」與 Asg anāghāta(無打擊)精確呼應,北傳南傳同字根合契,為 51 心所中 function-軸最強之跨傳承驗證。adoso eva mettā(無瞋即慈)——無瞋不只是缺乏瞋恚,更是慈之心所根基。