無貪Non-attachment
善心所之第四。三善根之一(→#23 →#24)。於有有具,無著為性,作善為業。與三毒之首 #30 貪(→#30)相對——alobha / lobha 為 a- 前綴之正反一對。
漢zh · Xuanzang 譯
善心所之第四。三善根之一(→#23 →#24)。於有有具,無著為性,作善為業。與三毒之首 #30 貪(→#30)相對——alobha / lobha 為 a- 前綴之正反一對。
經
[共傳] 《雜阿含經》卷十四(經344),佛告比丘三善根之「如實知」:
云何善根如實知?謂三善根——無貪、無恚、無癡——是名三善根,如是善根如實知。
同卷卷二十四(經613)以「聚」總攝三不善根:
純不善積聚者,謂三不善根。
三善根(alobha/adveṣa/amoha)對應「純善積聚」,為一切善法之底色。
[大乘] 《增一阿含經》卷十三(部派傳譯,後期含大乘色彩):
有此三善根。云何為三?不貪善根、不恚善根、不癡善根。若有此三善根者,便有二善處,涅槃為三。
三善根為趣向涅槃之善因——不但阿含所言修行之底色,大乘亦以此為入涅槃之必要條件。
論
《成唯識論》卷六:
云何無貪?於有、有具,無著為性。對治貪著,作善為業。
論又判:
善心起時,隨緣何境,皆於有等無著、無恚……非要緣彼。
無貪非待特定對象方起,乃俱遍善心(隨而起 every wholesome moment of mind)——三善根之底色性質,有別於別境五(按需啟動)。
按:三善根(→#22 →#23 →#24)於 Asg 業同(皆 duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna);玄奘三條業各略改以彰顯所對治之本煩惱(對治貪著 / 對治瞋恚 / 對治愚癡,→#30 →#31 →#32),是成唯識之「結構同、文表異」精細處理。無貪之 a- 前綴對應結構,鏡像 #30 貪(lobha)之正面定義(→#30)。
梵saṃskṛta
a-(否定前綴)+ lobha < √lubh(貪、欲、悅樂)——「不貪求」「不執取」。
印歐祖語 *leubʰ-(愛、慾)。同根於拉丁 lubet/libet(悅、合意)→ libīdō(欲力);日耳曼 lufu(古英)→ 現代英文 love。
義理 payoff:alobha 與英文 love、拉丁 libido 出自同一印歐祖語根。無貪之否定,非否定「愛」本身,而是否定「愛」被慾力(compulsive grasping)扭曲後之執著面。佛教不排除 mettā(慈)——它正是 alobha 解放執著後之空間(→#23 adveṣa → mettā 之進一步展開)。
《阿毘達磨集論》(阿毘達磨-samuccaya,Pradhan 校本,善心所第四,三善根之首):
alobhaḥ katamaḥ / bhave bhavopakaraṇeṣu vā anāsaktiḥ / duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna-karmakaḥ //
何為無貪?於有(bhava,三界之存在)及有具(bhavopakaraṇa,維持存在之資具) 之不執著(anāsakti)為性。 為惡行不行(duścarita-apravṛtti)作所依為業。
成唯識論「於有、有具,無著為性」即此梵文之逐字對應——bhave/bhavopakaraṇeṣu = 於有/於有具;anāsakti = 無著。三善根業同(duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna)——Asg 以同一業句統三善根,玄奘各略改以配對治(→#30 →#31 →#32),此為成唯識於 Asg 之結構繼承 + 語面分化。
按:無貪(alobha)↔ 貪(lobha,→#30)為 a- 前綴之正反對——Asg 之 lobha 定義(bhave bhavopakaraṇeṣu āsakti,對有有具之執著)與 alobha 定義正相反(anāsakti)。三善根此型反向,與三善根之 amoha ↔ moha(→#24 →#32)、adveṣa ↔ dveṣa(→#23 →#31)同為 Asg 精確之鏡像 morphology 設計。
巴pāḷi
遍美心所(sobhana-sādhāraṇa 心所(cetasika)),三善根(kusala-mūla)之首。
《增支部》AN 3.69(Mūla Sutta,亦稱 Akusalamūlasutta)——此經以 akusala-mūla / kusala-mūla 正反並列出三善根:
Tīṇimāni bhikkhave kusalamūlāni. Katamāni tīṇi? Alobho kusalamūlaṃ, adoso kusalamūlaṃ, amoho kusalamūlaṃ.
比丘,有此三善根。云何為三?無貪善根、無瞋善根、無癡善根。
《中部》MN 9(Sammādiṭṭhi Sutta)——舍利弗以三善根與三不善根之如實知為正見 16 門之一:能見三善根/三不善根之根本結構即名正見。三善根於此被嵌入正見教理之核心(→#24 amoha — 正見 = amoha 之展開)。
亦見 DN 33(Saṅgīti,三法之段)、DN 34(Dasuttara)、Vibhaṅga §912。五重以上共傳——三善根為佛教倫理之普世配方。
論
《清淨道論》XIV.143 以四相分析無貪:
| 四相 | Pāli | 義 |
|---|---|---|
| 相 lakkhaṇa | cittassa ārammaṇe a-gedha-bhāva | 心於所緣無貪求 |
| 業 rasa | apariggaha / agahaṇa | 不取執 |
| 現 paccupaṭṭhāna | anallīna-bhāva | 不黏住、不視為庇護所 |
| 足處 padaṭṭhāna | yoniso-manasikāra | 如理作意 |
按:Asg anāsakti(不執)= Vism agahaṇa(不取執)——南北傳於無貪之 nature 完全合契。Vism 之「不視所緣為庇護所」(anallīna)即「不把對象當靠山」之意象——「有」即三界生命之 shelter;不執之,便是不再以三界為庇護。此意象與 Asg「於有、有具不著」結構互釋。
漢綜述zh-synthesis
「無貪」之梵文 alobha 為否定前綴 a- + lobha(< √lubh「貪、欲、悅樂」)——「不貪求」「不執取」。印歐祖語 *leubʰ-(愛、慾)同根於拉丁 lubet/libet(悅、合意)→ libīdō(欲力);日耳曼 lufu(古英)→ 現代英文 love;德文 Liebe。義理上之要點在此:alobha 與英文 love 出自同一印歐祖語根。無貪之否定,非否定「愛」本身,而是否定「愛」被慾力所牽後之黏著面。佛教不排斥 mettā(慈)——mettā 正是 alobha 解放黏著後所騰出之空間,與 adveṣa(→#23)同為由不執至主動溫暖之進路。
《阿毘達磨集論》定義無貪(善心所第四,三善根之首):「alobhaḥ katamaḥ / bhave bhavopakaraṇeṣu vā anāsaktiḥ / duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna-karmakaḥ //」——「於有(bhava,三界之存在)及有具(bhavopakaraṇa,維持存在之資具)之不執著(anāsakti)為性;為惡行不行(duścarita-apravṛtti)作所依為業。」《成唯識論》卷六「於有、有具,無著為性;對治貪著,作善為業」乃此梵文之逐字對應——bhave/bhavopakaraṇeṣu = 於有/有具;anāsakti = 無著——為本系列中之逐字譯例(每一梵文項皆有漢譯對位,無省略亦無增義)。Asg 三善根(alobha/adveṣa/amoha)業同(皆 duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna),玄奘三條各略改以標明所對治之本煩惱(對治貪著 / 對治瞋恚 / 對治愚癡,→#30 →#31 →#32)——此為「結構同、文表異」之精細處理。alobha 之 a- 前綴鏡像 →#30 lobha(bhave bhavopakaraṇeṣu āsakti vs anāsakti),為 Asg 精密之形態學設計。
南北傳皆立無貪為三善根之首、遍美心所。《增支部》AN 3.69(Mūla Sutta)以三不善根/三善根正反並列結構出三善根:「Alobho kusalamūlaṃ, adoso kusalamūlaṃ, amoho kusalamūlaṃ」;《中部》MN 9(Sammādiṭṭhi Sutta)以三善根與三不善根之如實知為正見十六門之一——能見此根本結構即名正見,三善根於此嵌入正見教理之核心。亦見 DN 33(Saṅgīti,三法之段)、DN 34(Dasuttara)、Vibhaṅga §912——五重以上共傳。《清淨道論》XIV.143 以四相析無貪:相 cittassa ārammaṇe a-gedha-bhāva(心於所緣無貪求)、業 agahaṇa(不取執)、現 anallīna-bhāva(不黏住、不視所緣為庇護所)、足處 yoniso-manasikāra(如理作意)——Vism agahaṇa 即 Asg anāsakti,南北傳於無貪之性完全合契。「不視所緣為庇護所」(anallīna)之意象與 Asg「於有、有具不著」互釋:「有」即三界生命之所依;不執之,便是不再以三界為庇護。
三善根(→#22 →#23 →#24)於《成唯識論》判為「俱遍善心」——隨一切善心而起,非序列修習而是同時共立。無貪若無 amoha(→#24)則易成盲目捨離(放下而不知何故);無貪若無 adveṣa(→#23)則於壓力下易滑入厭惡——以「放下」為面、以抑制為實。三善根之根本為同時在場:任一善心之剎那,三者皆已共起。修持之工作不在次第建立,而在認識並鞏固其已然共起之性質。alobha 於修習鏈亦為上游:不黏著於有(三界)及有具,方有足夠之心的流動性令 chanda(欲,→#14)清淨地生起。
玄奘以「無貪」直承 Asg alobha,前綴 a- 之否定以「無」字忠實呈現,於漢文亦簡明。英譯選 Non-attachment(菩提比丘),較 Non-greed 更寬,能涵蓋 lobha 由粗至細之執著面(從欲求到微細黏著),並保有「附著之解除」義而非單指「貪婪之反面」。Generosity 雖有時用(alobha 為布施之心所基礎),但混淆心所與其功能。⭐ 無貪為三善根之首,與 →#23 無瞋、→#24 無癡共立;對治 →#30 貪,形成 a- 前綴正反鏡像(三善根各對三毒,→#30 →#31 →#32)。
無貪 ——於有、有具,無著為性;對治貪著,作善為業。
英綜述en-synthesis
Sanskrit alobha compounds the negation a- with lobha, from √lubh "to covet, desire, delight in," reflecting PIE *leubʰ- "to love, to desire." The cognate set is direct: Latin lubet/libet ("it pleases"), libīdō ("desire, lust"); Germanic lufu (Old English) → English love. Alobha and love descend from the same PIE root. The doctrinal point is therefore precise: alobha is not opposed to love; it is opposed to the compulsive face of leubʰ-. The Buddhist contemplative cultivates alobha in service of mettā (loving-kindness) — wholesome warmth liberated from the grasping that undermines it. The triad alobha → adveṣa (#23) → mettā describes a progression from not-grasping to not-pushing-away to active-warmth.
Alobha heads the three wholesome roots (kuśala-mūla, 三善根) in both Yogācāra and Theravāda — the fourth of the eleven wholesome cetasikas in the Cheng Weishi Lun and the first in the kuśala-mūla triad of AN 3.69. Asaṅga's Abhidharma-samuccaya defines it as bhave bhavopakaraṇeṣu vā anāsaktiḥ — "with respect to existence (bhava) and the supports of existence (bhavopakaraṇa), non-clinging" — with the function clause identical to adveṣa's and amoha's (duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna). Asaṅga presents the three wholesome roots as having the same function; Xuanzang differentiates them to mark which kleśa each specifically counters (貪著/瞋恚/愚癡, →#30 →#31 →#32). The Sanskrit-Chinese pattern is structural identity, surface differentiation. The mirror morphology with lobha (#30) is exact at the Asg level: bhave bhavopakaraṇeṣu āsakti vs anāsakti — the a- prefix inverts the affect toward the same objects.
Visuddhimagga XIV.143 names alobha's characteristic as cittassa ārammaṇe a-gedha-bhāva (the mind's non-greediness toward the object), function agahaṇa (non-grasping), manifestation anallīna-bhāva (non-adherence, not-clinging-to-as-shelter), proximate cause yoniso-manasikāra (wise attention). The match with Asaṅga is exact: Pāli agahaṇa = Sanskrit anāsakti; the manifestation image anallīna (not-treating-the-object-as-a-shelter) supplies a precise gloss on Asaṅga's bhave bhavopakaraṇeṣu vā anāsaktiḥ — non-clinging to existence and its supports. The image is incisive: bhava (existence in the three realms) is the shelter the unenlightened mind reaches for; alobha is the cetasika that stops mistaking that shelter for genuine refuge.
The three wholesome roots cannot be cultivated in isolation. Alobha without amoha (#24) drifts toward blind renunciation — releasing without understanding what or why. Alobha without adveṣa (#23) collapses under pressure into aversion — the apparent letting-go that masks suppressed dislike. The Cheng Weishi Lun judges all three as 俱遍善心 — co-arising with every wholesome moment of mind — not because each is separately cultivated in sequence but because wholesomeness itself is the simultaneous presence of all three. The path of cultivation is the recognition and reinforcement of their already-co-arising character.
Non-attachment — toward existence and the supports of existence, the absence of clinging: this is its nature. To provide the basis upon which bad conduct fails to arise — to counter craving and to enact what is wholesome: this is its function.
譯translator's note
譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P08。三善根(alobha / adveṣa / amoha,→#22 →#23 →#24)為 51 心所中跨阿含—般若—唯識—南傳論藏(論藏)五重以上共傳密度最高之群:AN 3.69、MN 9、DN 33、雜阿含 344、增一阿含卷十三皆出,並 Vibhaṅga §912 獨立列位。三善根之 a- 前綴鏡像設計,使其與三毒(→#30 →#31 →#32)構成唯識心所學中最精密之 morphological 對偶對。