No. 24
心所有法 · 善十一 · 第六 · mental factors · wholesome #6/11

無癡Non-delusion

Amoha · amoha

善心所之第六。三善根之三(→#22 →#23)。於諸事理,明解為性,作善為業。與三毒之三 #32 癡(→#32)相對——amoha / moha 為 a- 前綴之正反一對。

zh · Xuanzang 譯

善心所之第六。三善根之三(→#22 →#23)。於諸事理,明解為性,作善為業。與三毒之三 #32 癡(→#32)相對——amoha / moha 為 a- 前綴之正反一對。

[共傳] 《雜阿含經》卷十四(經344),三善根「如實知」定義(與 →#22 →#23 同段):

云何善根如實知?謂三善根——無貪、無恚、無癡——是名三善根,如是善根如實知。

[大乘] 《增一阿含經》卷十三:

有此三善根。云何為三?不貪善根、不恚善根、不癡善根。若有此三善根者,便有二善處,涅槃為三。

《成唯識論》卷六:

云何無癡?於諸事理,明解為性。對治愚癡,作善為業。

論中存兩義之辨——此辯為唯識心所學最義理上精細之點之一:

有義無癡即慧為性,《集論》說此「報、教、證智決擇為體」生得、聞、思、修所生慧,如次皆是決擇性故。

有義無癡,非即是慧,別有自性,正對無明。如無貪、瞋,善根攝故。

前說以無癡即別境之慧(= 南傳之說),後說以無癡別有自性、與慧不同(= 成唯識論主流)。此辯關乎三善根是否獨立於別境慧——詳見下巴段南北傳義理分歧。

按:三善根(→#22 →#23 →#24)於《集論》業同(duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna,皆「惡行不行作所依為業」);玄奘三條業各略改(對治貪著 / 對治瞋恚 / 對治愚癡)以配三毒(→#30 →#31 →#32)。無癡之 a- 前綴對應,直接鏡像 #32 癡(moha)之正面定義(→#32)。

saṃskṛta

a-(否定前綴)+ moha < √muh(迷、惑、昏亂、失智)——「不迷」「不昏」「明解」。

Proto-Indo-Iranian *mawǰʰ-(誤、愚)。明確 Indo-Iranian 同源:

  • Avestan əṣ̌əmaoγa(「真理之毀壞者」、邪見師)
  • Middle Persian 'hl-mwg'n(異端者)
  • Khotanese mūys-(為愚)

Avestan əṣ̌əmaoγa 為義理上 rich 之同源詞——本義為「破壞 aṣ̌a(真理)之師」,即系統性誤導他者者;此義恰合 moha 之「主動之認知腐化」(主動認知訛誤),非單純「無知」(ignorance)。過 Indo-Iranian 之外無穩固印歐祖語同源(學界推測或為 BMAC 基底詞)。英文 mad 別源(< 古英 gemǣd)非同根。

《阿毘達磨集論》(阿毘達磨-samuccaya,Pradhan 校本,善心所第六,三善根之三):

amohaḥ katamaḥ / vipākato vā āgamato vā adhigamato vā jñānaṃ pratisaṃkhyā / duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna-karmakaḥ //

何為無癡?由異熟(vipāka,業果生得)、教法(āgama,聞思)、證得(adhigama,修慧證悟) 三道而生之智之揀擇(jñāna-pratisaṃkhyā)為性。 業同無貪、無瞋(→#22 →#23)——惡行不行作所依。

此即成唯識論卷六所引《集論》「報、教、證智決擇為體」一語之梵文原句——vipākataḥ = 報;āgamataḥ = 教;adhigamataḥ = 證;pratisaṃkhyā = 決擇。玄奘引此《集論》三道之 epistemology 結構完整保留。

無癡之「三道生起」(vipāka / āgama / adhigama)為其與別境慧(prajñā,→#18)之義理分界線——無癡涵蓋「異熟所生之本能明解」,非僅「現觀所成之分別決擇」。

按:jñānaṃ pratisaṃkhyā(智之揀擇)一語使無癡接近於別境慧(prajñā),但「三道生起」之認識論之結構使二者有別——prajñā→#18)為「於所觀境諸法揀擇」(upaparīkṣye vastuni dharmāṇāṃ pravicaya),是針對特定所觀境之操作;amoha 則涵蓋「異熟生得慧」之底色,非按境啟動。《成唯識論》兩義之辨(見漢段),正是對此分位之義理回應。

pāḷi

遍美心所(sobhana-sādhāraṇa 心所(cetasika)),三善根(kusala-mūla)之第三。在南傳論藏(論藏)系統中,amoha 直接等同 paññā(慧)——此即「無癡即慧」一說,與唯識《集論》之前義同,而與《成唯識論》主流取後義有別。

《增支部》AN 3.69(Mūla Sutta)—— akusala/kusala-mūla 正反並列:

Tīṇimāni bhikkhave kusalamūlāni: alobho kusalamūlaṃ, adoso kusalamūlaṃ, amoho kusalamūlaṃ.

比丘,有此三善根:無貪、無瞋、無癡。

《中部》MN 9(Sammādiṭṭhi Sutta)——舍利弗以「於三善根/三不善根如實知」為正見之核心。正見即 amoha 之展開——能見三善根/三不善根之根本結構即名正見;amoha 因此於八正道居首位(sammā-diṭṭhi 為道支之第一)。

論——南北傳之 doctrinal divergence

《清淨道論》XIV.143 以四相分析無癡:

四相Pāli
lakkhaṇayathāsabhāva-paṭivedha如其自性而了達
rasavisaya-obhāsana照明所觀境
paccupaṭṭhānaasammoha不迷亂
足處 padaṭṭhānasamādhi

Vism XIV.143 進一步明立:

amoho ... paññindriya-paññā-bala-sammā-diṭṭhī-paññā-sambojjhaṅga-saṅkhātāya paññāya saṃsandati.

無癡即與慧根、慧力、正見、慧覺支所稱之「慧」(paññā)相合。

此即南傳 amoha = paññā 之明立——無癡與慧為同一心所(cetasika)之異名。

成唯識論卷六則明列兩義之辨(詳見漢段)——「別有自性」說(主流)與「即慧為性」說(少數,但《集論》亦取此)。

傳統amoha vs prajñā/paññā
南傳論藏(論藏)(Vism XIV.143)amoha = paññā(同一心所(cetasika)之異名)
唯識《集論》(集論)amoha = jñāna-pratisaṃkhyā(指向但不嚴格等同 prajñā
唯識主流(成唯識論)amoha 別有自性,prajñā→#18)別境啟動

此分位差保住「俱遍善心」之 amoha(三善根)與「別境」之 prajñā(慧,→#18)之系統地位——若 amoha = prajñā,三善根之範疇獨立地位即消失。

按:amoha 於南傳為「慧」之另一稱謂;於唯識主流為「慧」之先決立基(善心之底色)。此一南北傳分位差,是唯識心所學最義理上精細之點之一——詳見《成唯識論》卷六兩義之辨。

漢綜述zh-synthesis

詞源

「無癡」之梵文 amoha 為否定前綴 a- + moha(< √muh「迷、惑、昏亂、失智」)——「不迷」「不昏」「明解」。原始印度伊朗語 *mawǰʰ-(誤、愚)之明確印度伊朗語系同源:Avestan əṣ̌əmaoγa(「真理之毀壞者」、邪見師)、中古波斯語 'hl-mwg'n(異端者)、和闐語 mūys-(為愚)。Avestan 之 əṣ̌əmaoγa 義理上尤富——本義為「破壞 aṣ̌a(真理)之師」,即系統性誤導他者者;此義恰合 moha 之「主動之認知腐化」,非單純「無知」(缺乏資訊)。印度伊朗語系之外,無穩固印歐祖語同源(學界推測或為基底詞);英文 mad(< 古英 gemǣd)別源,非同根。

義理

《阿毘達磨集論》定義無癡(善心所第六,三善根之三):「amohaḥ katamaḥ / vipākato vā āgamato vā adhigamato vā jñānaṃ pratisaṃkhyā / duścarita-apravṛtti-sanniśrayadāna-karmakaḥ //」——「由異熟vipāka,業果生得)、教法āgama,聞思)、證得adhigama,修慧證悟)三道而生之智之揀擇jñāna-pratisaṃkhyā)為性;業同無貪、無瞋——惡行不行作所依。」《成唯識論》卷六所引《集論》「報、教、證智決擇為體」即此梵文之逐字對應:vipākataḥ = 報;āgamataḥ = 教;adhigamataḥ = 證;pratisaṃkhyā = 決擇。玄奘三道之認識論結構保留完整。無癡之「三道生起」為其與別境慧(prajñā→#18)之義理分界線——amoha 涵蓋「異熟生得之本能明解」,prajñā 則為「按境啟動之分別決擇」;《成唯識論》兩義之辨(「有義無癡即慧為性」vs「有義無癡別有自性」)正是此分位之義理回應。保住此分位,三善根之範疇獨立地位方不消失於別境慧中。無癡(→#24)↔ 癡(moha→#32)為 a- 前綴正反鏡像,完成三善根↔三毒之六重形態學對偶(→#22 →#23 →#30 →#31 →#32)。

南北

南北傳皆立無癡為三善根之三,而在無癡是否等同慧(paññā/prajñā)之問題上持截然不同之立場。《增支部》AN 3.69(Mūla Sutta)以三善根正反並列;《中部》MN 9(Sammādiṭṭhi Sutta)以三善根之如實知為正見核心——正見即 amoha 之展開,使無癡於八正道居首位(sammā-diṭṭhi 為道支之第一)。《清淨道論》XIV.143 以四相析無癡:相 yathāsabhāva-paṭivedha(如其自性而了達)、業 visaya-obhāsana(照明所觀境)、現 asammoha(不迷亂)、足處 samādhi(定)。Vism 進一步明立:「amoho ... paññindriya-paññā-bala-sammā-diṭṭhī-paññā-sambojjhaṅga-saṅkhātāya paññāya saṃsandati」——南傳 amoha = paññā(同一心所之異名)。唯識主流則立「別有自性」——amoha 為俱遍善心之底色,prajñā 為別境之操作;此為善 cluster 中南北傳之義理分位差(amoha = paññā vs amohaprajñā),亦是 51 心所中分類分位之關鍵判定。

修持

三善根(→#22 →#23 →#24)於《成唯識論》判為「俱遍善心」,不在次第建立,而是同時共立。無癡與別境慧(→#18)雖於唯識主流有別,修習上卻相互依賴:amoha 為善心之底色——不迷亂之基底立場;prajñā 為特定認知操作之精度工具。底色若缺(聰明但世界觀腐化),分別決擇易淪為邪慧;操作若缺(本能清明但無法辨析),底色難以鞏固。南傳以 amoha = paññā 之合一保留義理簡潔;唯識以精細化保住系統地位——兩種進路各有其修持上之著眼點。

譯名

玄奘以「無癡」直承 Asg amoha,「癡」字對應 moha 之「主動認知腐化」面,以「明解」為性之正面特徵則由論文脈補足。英譯 Non-delusion(菩提比丘)優於 Non-ignorance(過於被動,失去主動腐化之義)或 Wisdom(混入 paññā 之域,消解唯識之系統分位)。「迷」較「愚」為準確——「愚」偏向能力不足,「癡」原義更近於「為認知錯亂所困」。⭐ 無癡為三善根之三,與 →#22 無貪、→#23 無瞋共立;對治 →#32 癡,以 a- 前綴完成三善根↔三毒形態學對偶之末環;南北傳於此條之義理分位差(amoha = vs ≠ prajñā)為善心所中之代表性詮釋議題。

無癡 ——於諸事理,明解為性;對治愚癡,作善為業。

英綜述en-synthesis

Etymology

Sanskrit amoha compounds the negation a- with moha, from √muh "to be confused, bewildered, deluded; to lose one's wits." The Indo-Iranian cognate set is secure: Avestan əṣ̌əmaoγa — literally "destroyer of aṣ̌a (truth)," the technical term for one who systematically misleads — Middle Persian 'hl-mwg'n (heretic), and Khotanese mūys- (to be foolish). Beyond Indo-Iranian, no robust PIE reconstruction obtains; some scholars suggest a BMAC-substrate origin. The Avestan cognate is doctrinally rich: moha is not mere ignorance (informational lack) but active cognitive corruption — the propagation of falsity, the destruction of truth. English delusion (Latin de-lūdō "to mock, deceive") catches this active sense better than ignorance; English mad descends from a different root (Old English gemǣd) and is unrelated.

Doctrinal frame

Amoha is the sixth of the eleven wholesome cetasikas in Yogācāra and the third of the three wholesome roots (kuśala-mūla, 三善根). Asaṅga's Abhidharma-samuccaya defines it through three modes of arising: vipākato vā āgamato vā adhigamato vā jñānaṃ pratisaṃkhyā — "the discernment-knowing that arises from karmic ripening (vipāka), or from teaching (āgama), or from realization (adhigama)." Three epistemic sources: (i) vipāka — innate clarity born of past karma, the "born-with-it" intelligence; (ii) āgama — clarity acquired through study and reflection; (iii) adhigama — clarity directly realized in contemplative practice. The Cheng Weishi Lun quotes this Sanskrit verbatim: 「報、教、證智決擇為體」, preserving the entire epistemic architecture. The function clause is identical to alobha's (#22) and adveṣa's (#23): basis for the non-arising of bad conduct. The three wholesome roots share the same function and operate as a substrate triplet in every wholesome moment of mind. Mirror morphology with moha (#32) at the Asg level: jñānaṃ pratisaṃkhyā (discernment-knowing) negates moha's cognitive corruption.

Cross-tradition

This is the single most consequential doctrinal divergence between Theravāda and Yogācāra in the wholesome cetasika set. The Visuddhimagga XIV.143 explicitly identifies amoha with paññā — for Theravāda, they are two names for one cetasika. The Cheng Weishi Lun preserves a debate: one view (following the Pañcaskandhaka / Abhidharma-samuccaya) follows the Theravāda identification; the dominant Yogācāra view distinguishes them. Amoha is the wholesome substrate that allows wisdom to function; prajñā (#18) is the object-determining cetasika that operates discernment when called for. The fine distinction matters for the system architecture: if amoha = prajñā, then the three wholesome roots are not distinct from the object-determining cetasikas and the entire categorical division collapses. The Yogācāra refinement preserves the system.

Practitioner's seam

Amoha and prajñā (#18), even on the Yogācāra distinction, are operationally entangled. A practitioner can have amoha without prajñā — the "born-with-it clarity" of someone who instinctively sees through deception but has not cultivated formal discernment. A practitioner can have prajñā sharpness without underlying amoha — the clever operator whose specific judgments are skilled but whose general worldview is corrupt (the philosophical sophist; the 邪慧 of one whose reasoning serves wrong-view). The cultivation of the path requires both: amoha as the wholesome substrate, prajñā as the activated discernment. The translation choice "non-delusion" over "wisdom" protects this distinction: a non-deluded mind is not yet a wise one, but it is the soil from which wisdom can grow.

Translation

Non-delusion — the discerning-knowing born from karmic ripening, from teaching, or from realization, with respect to principles and their instances: this is its nature. To provide the basis upon which bad conduct fails to arise — to counter confusion and to enact what is wholesome: this is its function.

translator's note

譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P08。無癡(amoha)↔ 無貪(alobha,→#22)↔ 無瞋(adveṣa,→#23)三善根,對鏡三毒(→#30 →#31 →#32),是唯識心所學 a- 前綴 morphological 鏡像設計之最系統性體現。南傳 amoha = paññā(Vism XIV.143 明立)↔ 唯識「別有自性」(成唯識論主流),此為 51 心所中南北傳最重大之義理分位差——南傳以分類簡化保留義理,唯識以精細化保住系統地位。