No. 32
心所有法 · 根本煩惱六 · 第三 · mental factors · root afflictions #3/6

Delusion

Avidyā (Moha) · moha

根本煩惱六之第三。迷闇為性,一切雜染所依為業。三毒之第三(→#30 貪 / →#31 瞋),亦為一切煩惱之根中之根——Asg 業式明立「諸法邪定、疑、雜染生起」皆出此法,故 #34 疑(→#34)、隨煩惱二十皆以無明為 doctrinal 上游。其正對立為 #24 無癡(amoha,→#24)。末那(→#07)四俱煩惱之「我癡」即此法于第七識層之恆俱形態。

zh · Xuanzang 譯

根本煩惱六之第三。迷闇為性,一切雜染所依為業。三毒之第三(→#30 貪 / →#31 瞋),亦為一切煩惱之根中之根——Asg 業式明立「諸法邪定、疑、雜染生起」皆出此法,故 #34 疑(→#34)、隨煩惱二十皆以無明為義理上游。其正對立為 #24 無癡(amoha,→#24)。末那(→#07)四俱煩惱之「我癡」即此法于第七識層之恆俱形態。

[共傳] 《雜阿含經》卷二十四(第六一三經):

純不善積聚者,謂三不善根。云何為三?謂貪不善根、恚不善根、癡不善根。

五重共傳(同 #30 / #31,共繫于 AN 3.69 / DN 33 / DN 34 / MN 9 / Vibhaṅga §912)。

十二緣起以無明(avijjā / avidyā)為首支——「無明緣行,行緣識……」此公式遍布《相應部》SN 12(Nidāna-saṃyutta,90 餘經)及《雜阿含》緣起品,是巴利文獻中證攝次數最多之教義表述之一。《相應部》SN 12.2(Vibhaṅga Sutta,緣起分別經)給出 avijjā 之經典巴利定義:

Katamā ca, bhikkhave, avijjā? Yaṃ kho, bhikkhave, dukkhe aññāṇaṃ, dukkha-samudaye aññāṇaṃ, dukkha-nirodhe aññāṇaṃ, dukkha-nirodha-gāminiyā paṭipadāya aññāṇaṃ. Ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, avijjā.

比丘,何為無明?於苦無知、於苦集無知、於苦滅無知、於苦滅道跡無知。比丘,此名無明。

此「於四聖諦無知」之定義,直接呼應 Asg avidyā-業式之 vicikitsā(疑)——疑即「對四聖諦之猶豫未決」;故 avidyā 之業式明列 vicikitsā 乃義理上游關係之文本根據(→#34 疑)。

[大乘] 《楞嚴經》卷九(五十陰魔總綱):

心中不明,認賊為子。

——「認賊為子」四字為漢傳大乘文學中對 avidyā 最精準之現象學描述:所謂「賊」即煩惱,「子」即本自清淨之心性——癡之核心在於將煩惱誤認為本體,非單純「不知道」,乃「知錯了、認謬了」。此與《成論》「迷闇」(主動混暗、非被動缺光)之詮釋框架完全一致。

《大乘五蘊論》(T31n1612):

謂於諸法不解為性,能障無癡,起諸雜染為業。

「不解」(未能如實解了)為最早層定義,偏向 avidyā 之「欠缺明知」本義(privation 框架)。

《成唯識論》卷六(T31n1585):

云何為癡?於諸理、事,迷闇為性。能障無癡,一切雜染所依為業。謂由無明,起疑、邪見、貪等煩惱、隨煩惱業,能招後生雜染法故。

——「於諸理、事,迷闇為性」:玄奘以「迷闇」(主動混暗)讀 Asg ajñāna(不知)——將 avidyā 之「缺乏明視」(privation of vision)詮釋為「主動的認知混亂」(主動 obscuration)。「諸理」= 法性/抽象層,「諸事」= 事相/具體層——比 Asg traidhātukam(三界)更展開為 metaphysical / 經驗性之雙層。「謂由無明,起疑、邪見、貪等」:文本明立 avidyā 為一切煩惱之根-of-roots,此即 Asg saṃkleśa-utpatti-sanniśrayadāna(一切雜染生起所依)之 downstream 列舉。

按:「迷闇」與「不知」之差異為詮釋學 hinge——若取 avidyā 之 privation sense(缺乏明視),則對治為補充認知(如理見);若取 moha 之主動訛誤 sense(主動迷亂),則對治為撥亂、清除(斷捨)。《成論》「迷闇」之選取使唯識系更接近後者,從而與 Vism「andha-bhāva(盲)/ andha-kāra(黑暗)」之意象收斂——南北傳共同推癡由「缺光」走向「主動黑暗」。

saṃskṛta

moha vs avidyā 雙名注

構造系統
moha< √muh(迷、惑、昏亂)→「迷暗、失神」主動偏離、認知腐化Asg 善心所 amoha 之反面;通名
avidyāa-(否定)+ vidyā(< √vid 「見、知」)→「非知、非見」明視之缺失(privation)Asg 六根本煩惱第三之列項名
Pāli moha同 moha(規則借入)功能等同論藏心所(cetasika)列項
Pāli avijjāa- + vijjā(< √vid / jñā)→「非知」avidyā十二緣起首支;七隨眠之一

二者於唯識 / 百法皆攝為「癡」;Pāli 論藏亦視 moha = avijjā(Vism XIV.163 互用;Atthasālinī 以 andha-bhāva「盲」涵蓋兩名)。此雙名等同為兩傳共識。

雙重字源

  1. moha < Proto-Indo-Iranian *mawǰʰ-「為誤、為愚」。印歐語系同源:Avestan əṣ̌əmaoγa(「真理之毀壞者」——義理上豐富:本義為「破壞 aṣ̌a(真實)之師」,指系統性誤導者);Middle Persian 'hl-mwg'n(異端者);Khotanese mūys-(為愚)。過 Indo-Iranian 之外,無穩固印歐祖語同源(或為 BMAC 基底借入)。英文 mad(< 古英 gemǣd)另源,非同根。

  2. avidyā / √vid < 印歐祖語 *weyd-「見、知」——梵語 clearest 印歐祖語字源之一。同源族語極豐:

語言
拉丁videre見 → 英 video / vision / evidence / provide
希臘eidon / idea見 / 形式 → 英 idea / kaleidoscope
古英witan知 → 英 wit / witness / wise / wisdom
德語wissen
俄語видеть (videt')

英文 wisdom 與梵文 vidyā 共印歐祖語 *weyd-——avidyā 字面義即「非 wisdom」「非 vision」。

兩字源拉向不同方向:moha foreground 主動偏離(going astray);avidyā foreground 明視之缺失(privation of weyd-)。Asg 取 avidyā(privation-框架)為 mūla-kleśa 列項名;《成論》「迷闇」將 privation 詮釋為主動 obscuration,義理拉向 moha 之主動訛誤 sense。

《阿毘達磨集論》(阿毘達磨-samuccaya,Pradhan 校本,根本煩惱第三):

avidyā katamā / traidhātukam ajñānam / dharmeṣu mithyā-niścaya-vicikitsā-saṃkleśa-utpatti-sanniśrayadāna-karmikā //

何為無明?三界之無知(traidhātukam ajñāna)為性。 為諸法邪定(mithyā-niścaya)、(vicikitsā)、雜染生起(saṃkleśa-utpatti)之所依為業。

業式之義理重量:Asg avidyā-業式明列 vicikitsā(疑)——textually 依據 #34 疑(→#34)為 #32 癡之 derivative:無明生疑,非疑生無明。mithyā-niścaya(邪定)對應五見之「邪確信」形態(→#35 惡見)。saṃkleśa-utpatti-sanniśrayadāna(一切雜染生起所依)即《成論》「一切雜染所依為業」,確立 avidyā 為煩惱結構之最上游。

24 癡 ↔ 17 無癡(→#24)鏡像 partial:

  • 性軸:clean 正反對(jñāna ↔ ajñāna)
  • 對象 / 生起軸:amoha 設「異熟 / 教法 / 證得」三道認識論之來源;avidyā 設「三界無知」——兩者填不同結構之 slot
  • 業軸:amoha 業同三善根統一公式;avidyā 業特設邪定 / 疑 / 雜染生起

按:Asg avidyā 業式明列 vicikitsā,使 #34 疑(→#34)與 #32 癡之關係在 Asg 之義理架構中為上下游關係,而非同層並列。

pāḷi

不善心所(akusala 心所(cetasika))。南傳論藏視 moha = avijjā functionally synonymous(Vism XIV.163 aññāṇa(不知)與 avijjā 互用;Atthasālinī 之 andha-bhāva(盲)涵蓋兩名)。

Avijjā 為十二緣起之首支,證攝次數為巴利文獻中最高者之一(SN 12 Nidāna-saṃyutta 90 餘經,加 DN 15 / MN 9 / DN 33 等)。

《增支部》AN 3.69(Mūla Sutta)——同 #30 / #31 之五重共傳文本(三不善根公式)。

《相應部》SN 12.2(Vibhaṅga Sutta)——avijjā 之經典定義(見漢段經節已引,不重引)。此定義「於四聖諦無知」與 Asg avidyā 業式之 vicikitsā 連結,構成南北傳最精準之平行:Asg 用業式(生起下游之疑);SN 12.2 用正面定義(對四諦之無知)——二說相互印證。

《清淨道論》XIV.163 以四相分析 moha(= avijjā):

四相Pāli
lakkhaṇaandha-bhāva / aññāṇa盲、不知
rasaappaṭivedha / ārammaṇa-sabhāva-cchādana不通達 / 覆蔽所緣自性
paccupaṭṭhānaasammā-paṭipatti / andha-kāra無正行 / 黑暗
足處 padaṭṭhānaayoniso-manasikāra不如理作意

(暫據 wisdomlib Vism §163 意引;非 PTS 校本直引,俟終校)。

Asg traidhātukam ajñānam(三界無知)+ Vism ārammaṇa-sabhāva-cchādana(覆蔽所緣自性)為範圍 vs 機制之 complementary 兩層:Asg 言範圍——三界一切認識皆觸 avidyā;Vism 言機制——avidyā 操作為「逐對象覆蔽其自性」。Vism andha-bhāva(盲)鏡像 directly mirrors #24 無癡(→#24)之 yathāsabhāva-paṭivedha(如其自性而了達)——不見 ↔ 見之 clean 正反對。

南北傳 24 → 17 鏡像之不對稱:否定側 clean(avidyā = 不見 ↔ 含義中之 amoha = 見);肯定側 complicated:南傳立 amoha = paññā(慧,→#18),唯識主流則別立 amohaprajñā 為二法。此三位立場(巴利論藏 / 唯識主流 / 集論)分歧之根源見 #24 無癡(→#24)條之詳述。

按:足處軸注——moha 足處 = ayoniso-manasikāra(不如理作意);alobha* / adosa 足處 = yoniso-manasikāra(如理作意)——此為 moha 與 alobha / adosa 之 clean 足處正反對(如理 ↔ 不如理);然 amoha-as-paññā 之足處 = samādhi→#17)——換軸。此足處三角結構為 verifier 之結構之 inference。*

漢綜述zh-synthesis

詞源

「癡」之梵文主名為 avidyā(Asg 根本煩惱列項)= a-(否定)+ vidyā(< √vid「見、知」)→「非知、非見」;別名 moha < √muh「迷、惑、昏亂」→「迷暗、失神」。兩名於唯識 / 百法皆攝為「癡」,語義拉力不同——avidyā 強調「明視之缺失」(privation),moha 強調「主動認知腐化」(active obscuration)。avidyā < √vid ← 印歐祖語 *weyd-「見、知」——梵語中字源透明之印歐祖語詞根,同源於拉丁 videre(見)→ 英文 video / vision;古希臘 idea(形式);古英 witan(知)→ 英文 wit / wise / wisdom——英文 wisdom 與梵文 vidyā 共印歐祖語 *weyd- 根,故 avidyā 字面義即「非 wisdom」、「非 vision」。moha ← 印度伊朗祖語 *mawǰʰ-「為誤、為愚」,Indo-Iranian 同源確立:Avestan əṣ̌əmaoγa(「真理之毀壞者」)、中古波斯語異端者 mwg'n、Khotanese mūys-(為愚);過 Indo-Iranian 之外無穩固印歐祖語同源(或為 BMAC 底層借入)。⚠️ moha 之印歐祖語不擴展立場:√muh 之 BMAC 借入說漸受學界關注,本條詞源論止於 Indo-Iranian,不作印歐祖語層延伸。

義理

Asg 定義:avidyā katamā / traidhātukam ajñānam / dharmeṣu mithyā-niścaya-vicikitsā-saṃkleśa-utpatti-sanniśrayadāna-karmikā //——「三界之無知traidhātukam ajñāna)為性;為諸法邪定mithyā-niścaya)、vicikitsā)、雜染生起saṃkleśa-utpatti)之所依為業。」玄奘《成唯識論》卷六「於諸理、事,迷闇為性;一切雜染所依為業;謂由無明,起疑、邪見、貪等煩惱」為 interpretive 對應——以「迷闇」(主動混暗)讀 ajñāna(缺乏明視),此 lens-shift 使 avidyā 之「privation」意義靠向 moha 之「主動黑暗」義,與南傳 Vism andha-bhāva(盲)獨立收斂。業式文本明列 vicikitsā(疑,→#34)為 #32 之 downstream derivative——無明生疑,非疑生無明;Asg 此句確立 #32 為其餘煩惱之上游所依。「一切雜染所依為業」——業式文本明立「一切雜染」皆以此為所依,乃 Asg 直立,非義理詮釋(→#30 義理段之三毒架構分析);亦為末那(→#7)四俱煩惱「我癡」(ātma-moha)之根本,位列 Triṃśikā 偈 6 四惑之首。三毒之第三(→#30 / →#31),與 #24 無癡(→#24)為部分鏡像。

南北

南傳論藏視 moha = avijjā functionally synonymous(Vism XIV.163 aññāṇa「不知」互用,Atthasālinī 以 andha-bhāva「盲」涵蓋兩名)。AN 3.69 / DN 33 / MN 9 / Vibhaṅga §912 五重共傳文本。SN 12.2《Vibhaṅga Sutta》立 avijjā 之巴利 canonical 定義:「於苦 / 苦集 / 苦滅 / 苦滅道跡無知」——此「於四聖諦無知」與 Asg avidyā 業式所列 vicikitsā(疑)直接呼應:無明 = 對四諦不知,疑 = 對四諦猶豫未決,兩傳之直接平行。Vism XIV.163 立 moha 四相:相 andha-bhāva(盲)、業 ārammaṇa-sabhāva-cchādana(覆蔽所緣自性)、現 andha-kāra(黑暗)、足處 ayoniso-manasikāra(不如理作意)。Asg 論範圍(三界),Vism 論機制(逐境覆蔽)——互補而不矛盾。

修持

楞嚴「認賊為子」四字精鑄 avidyā 之核心:癡之危險不在於「不知道」,而在於「知錯了、認謬了」——煩惱被誤作本體,清淨心性被遮蔽而不自知。此與《成論》「迷闇」(主動混暗)、Vism andha-bhāva(盲,主動狀態)三層收斂:癡非消極缺失,乃主動之認知偏斜,故對治亦非單純補充知識,而需根本轉依。Vism 足處 ayoniso-manasikāra(不如理作意)揭示生起之門:不如理之注意持續支撐癡之現行。對治 = #24 無癡(→#24)+ 如理作意(yoniso-manasikāra)——尤以緣起法之觀照為對治癡之核心路徑(南北傳一致)。末那(→#7)之「我癡」為 avidyā 在末那層之恆俱形態——使無我之認識無法透達第七識之我執底層,是轉依之關鍵樞紐。

譯名

玄奘以「癡」統攝 avidyā / moha 雙名——「癡」字漢語偏「愚痴」(主動偏差義),與玄奘「迷闇」同向 moha 義,而非 avidyā 之純粹 privation 框架。英譯 Delusion 承「主動認知腐化」(moha sense,「認賊為子」),優於 ignorance(偏 avidyā privation sense,略去主動扭曲義);ignorance 作次選保留 avidyā 之「非 wisdom」義。wisdomvidyā 共印歐祖語 *weyd-——avidyā 字面義為「非 wisdom」,此詞源對照在英譯語境有說明力。cluster 內觀察:三毒三軸中,癡為「盲動(不知)」軸,以「一切雜染所依」之業式確立其在根本煩惱中之上游地位(→#30 義理段)。

—— 於諸理、事,迷闇為性。能障無癡,一切雜染所依為業。謂由無明,起疑、邪見、貪等煩惱、隨煩惱業,能招後生雜染法故。三毒之第三(→#30 / →#31),與 #24 無癡(→#24)為部分鏡像;亦為末那四俱煩惱「我癡」之根本(→#7)。

英綜述en-synthesis

Etymology

Entry #32 covers two paired Sanskrit terms with distinct etymologies and different doctrinal emphases. Moha derives from √muh "to err, to be confused, to deviate," from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mawǰʰ- "to err, to be foolish." Secured Indo-Iranian cognates include Avestan əṣ̌əmaoġa — doctrinally rich: "the one who destroys aṣ̌a" (truth/reality), i.e., the teacher of false doctrines — and Khotanese mūys- "to be foolish." No clean wider PIE cognates are established. Avidyā, by contrast, has one of the cleanest PIE etymologies in Sanskrit: a- (negation) + vidyā (< √vid "to see, to know") < PIE *weyd- "to see, to know." The cognate set reaches into every major IE branch: Latin videre → English video, vision, evidence; Greek eidon / idea → English idea; Old English witan → English wit, witness, wise, wisdom. English wisdom and Sanskrit vidyā share the same PIE root — avidyā is etymologically "non-wisdom," "non-vision." The two etymologies pull the doctrinal understanding in different directions: moha foregrounds active corruption (going astray, the heretic teacher's deception of truth); avidyā foregrounds privation of vision (the simple non-seeing that makes one vulnerable to the first root affliction's grasping). Asaṅga names the root affliction avidyā (privation-frame); Xuanzang renders it as 「迷闇」 (active obscuration) — a deliberate shift toward the moha sense that is itself doctrinally convergent with the Theravāda andha-bhāva (blindness as active state, not mere absence of light). Both traditions ultimately treat delusion as something more than lack of information — it is a systematic misalignment of cognition with reality, structural rather than incidental.

Doctrinal frame

Avidyā is the third of the three poisons and third of the six root afflictions, but it is structurally the most fundamental. The Asaṅga formula makes this explicit: the karman clause lists mithyā-niścaya (邪定, corrupt cognitive fixity — the structural form of the five wrong-views, →#35), vicikitsā (疑, doubt, →#34), and saṃkleśa-utpatti (one-all-defilement-generation). Avidyā's function is not merely to produce one or two secondary afflictions but to provide the structural ground from which all secondary afflictions arise. This is the textual root of the Yogācāra claim that avidyā is 「一切雜染所依」 — the support-ground of all defilements. The SN 12.2 Vibhaṅga Sutta definition of avijjā as "non-knowing of the four noble truths" is the Pāli-canonical convergent: to not know the four truths (what suffering is, what causes it, that it can cease, what leads to its cessation) is the structural definition of the cognitive state that enables all defilements to continue unchallenged. The manas (→#07) carries ātma-moha (我癡, self-delusion) as one of its four constant companions — Triṃśikā 偈 6's ātmamohātmamānātmadṛṣṭyātmasneha sequence places ātma-moha at the head, as the root of the other three. Avidyā at the seventh-consciousness level is the silent non-recognition of non-self that enables the other three ego-afflictions to sustain themselves.

Cross-tradition

The Pāli Visuddhimagga's andha-bhāva (blindness) and andha-kāra (darkness) match Asaṅga's ajñāna at the phenomenological level, while the mechanism differs: Asg specifies scope (three realms), Vism specifies mechanism (covering the intrinsic nature of each object). These are complementary rather than contradictory framings. Both traditions converge on the proximate antidote: ayoniso-manasikāra (unwise attention) is Vism's proximate cause of moha; its inverse yoniso-manasikāra (wise attention) is the key antidote. The specific form of wise attention that removes avidyā is reflection on paṭicca-samuppāda (dependent origination) — recognized in both traditions as the content that most directly addresses the root non-knowing. The asymmetry in the mirror with amoha (→#24) is doctrinally revealing: the negative mirror (avidyā ↔ non-knowing) is clean, but the positive mirror (amoha ↔ knowing) splits across traditions — Theravāda identifies amoha with paññā (wisdom, →#18), while Yogācāra's mainstream distinguishes the two as separate cetasikas.

Practitioner's seam

The 楞嚴 image — "mistaking the thief for one's child" (認賊為子) — is the most vivid formulation of why avidyā is different in kind from simple ignorance. An ordinary gap in knowledge can be filled by information. Structural avidyā cannot be resolved that way, because the very cognitive apparatus doing the recognizing is already shaped by the misrecognition. The problem is not that one lacks the fact of non-self; it is that the self-grasping is so deeply embedded in the phenomenology of experience (through manas's constant operation, →#07) that it shapes what appears as obvious, natural, and self-evident. This is why the tradition insists that avijjā / avidyā can only be fully uprooted by direct seeing (dassana / 現觀), not by intellectual understanding — because the confusion is pre-intellectual.

Translation

Delusion — non-knowing throughout the three realms: this is its nature. To provide the basis for wrong fixation, doubt, and all arising of defilement: this is its function.

translator's note

譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P10。#32 癡(avidyā / moha)為三毒亦為六根本煩惱中之上游最深者——Asg 業式文本上直列「疑(→#34)、邪見(→#35 之結構性前提)、一切雜染生起」為其業,確立 avidyā 為煩惱結構之 root-of-roots。⭐ 雙字源之義理 pullmoha(主動偏離,Indo-Iranian) avidyā(明視缺失,印歐祖語 *weyd-,英文 wisdom 同根)——Asg 取 avidyā(privation-框架),《成論》「迷闇」拉向 moha sense,此 lens-shift 為漢傳唯識系之詮釋決定,與南傳 andha-bhāva 獨立收斂。末那(→#07)恆俱「我癡」(ātma-moha),位列《唯識三十頌》(Triṃśikā)偈 6 四煩惱之首——avidyā 之最潛伏形態即第七識我執之認知性根基。