眼根Eye-faculty
色法十一之首。五根(內五處)之第一。為四大種所造之淨色,眼識(→#1)之所依,色境(→#65)之能取。不可見、有對——非血肉浮塵之眼球(扶根塵),乃寄於眼球中之清淨色根,唯佛眼天眼能見。
漢zh · Xuanzang 譯
色法十一之首。五根(內五處)之第一。為四大種所造之淨色,眼識(→#1)之所依,色境(→#65)之能取。不可見、有對——非血肉浮塵之眼球(扶根塵),乃寄於眼球中之清淨色根,唯佛眼天眼能見。
經
[共傳] 《雜阿含經》卷十三(經322,T2n0099_p0091c05),佛說五色根之核心定義:
眼是內入處,四大所造淨色,不可見,有對。耳、鼻、舌、身內入處亦如是說。
——一句以「亦如是說」攝五根全體:Asg 所謂「五根樣板」之經據即此。「不可見」者,非言眼盲之不可見,乃言此淨色根本身非眼識所及之色境,故曰「色法卻不入色境」——色法典範之第一個架構 paradox。「有對」者,sapratigha,謂物理性之占位與抗拒,與心法、無為之「無對」對舉。
[大乘] 《大佛頂首楞嚴經》卷五(阿那律陀眼根圓通章),二十五圓通之第七:
世尊示我樂見照明金剛三昧。我不因眼,觀見十方,精真洞然,如觀掌果。如來印我成阿羅漢。佛問圓通,如我所證,旋見循元,斯為第一。
——阿那律陀失肉眼後得天眼,於楞嚴 25 圓通系列中作為眼根圓通之 representative。「不因眼,觀見十方」者,逆轉眼根之向外取境(出流),反觀能見之自性(旋見循元)——此即漢傳眼根法門之經典闡述。
論
《大乘五蘊論》(玄奘譯,T31n1612_p0848b13):
云何眼根?謂色為境清淨色。
——《大乘五蘊論》 為 Asg 之逐語素仿譯(詳梵段):一句涵 Asg 雙義之「境取面」,per-根定義之 minimal 漢譯形式。
五根樣板
Asg 之 5 根定義為單一公式之五次代換——除根名與所對境名外,其餘字字相同:
X-indriyaṃ katamat / catvāri mahābhūtānyupādāya X-vijñānāśrayo rūpaprasādaḥ //
| 根 | X- | 所依識 | 所對境 |
|---|---|---|---|
| #60 眼根 | cakṣur- | 眼識(→#1) | 色(→#65) |
| #61 耳根 | śrotra- | 耳識(→#2) | 聲(→#66) |
| #62 鼻根 | ghrāṇa- | 鼻識(→#3) | 香(→#67) |
| #63 舌根 | jihvā- | 舌識(→#4) | 味(→#68) |
| #64 身根 | kāya- | 身識(→#5) | 觸(→#69) |
《大乘五蘊論》 之 5 條漢譯亦字字平行(「謂 X 為境清淨色」),是識/根/境三軸並開之系統架構之最簡明展現:每根唯通其所對境,各根所依識亦唯緣其根所對境,五道平行而互不交錯(→#1 已詳「九緣方生」之諸緣分疏)。
大種與所造
「四大種所造(catvāri mahābhūtānyupādāya)」——色法 11 條皆然,五根尤是。地(堅)、水(流)、火(熱)、風(動)為bhūta-rūpa(大種色/能造),五根、五境、法處所攝色為upādāya-rūpa(所造色/依造)。眼根之「淨色」(rūpa-prasāda)非別於四大之第五元素,乃四大配合至極清淨澄明之狀態而成——一塊適合接受光像而不為其自身物質性所擾之物理基底。如澄水之能映物、磨鏡之能照影;眼根於物理層之功能性角色即此「清明之 receiver」(→巴段 cakkhu-pasāda 之 lakkhaṇa)。
按:三層印記並陳——經樣板(SA 322 「亦如是說」覆 5 根)、論定義(《大乘五蘊論》 per-根 minimal 仿譯)、大乘修行(楞嚴 25 圓通之眼根入路)。經藏以唯一 template 覆 5 根定義之經文層義;論藏 per-根 expansion 至 minimal 定義句;大乘修行論則切換印記,從 abhidharmic 定義轉為 practitioner-experiential 之圓通法門闡述。此三層印記為色法五根之 standard 結構,貫穿 #60–#64。
梵saṃskṛta
cakṣur-indriya < cakṣus(眼)+ indriya(根、感官能力)。
cakṣus < √cakṣ「見、觀、現」(√khyā 之強化重複式)+ -us(中性後綴)。⚠️ 印歐同源鏈未確立——可能與印歐祖語 *kʷek- / *spek-「看」有遠親關係,但 Indo-Iranian 之外無穩固對應;不宜作為 en 段主鏈。Pāli cakkhu 直承同根(標準語音對應 kṣ- → kkh-)。
indriya < indra(因陀羅,能力之神格)+ -iya(屬格後綴),字義「屬於 Indra 者」、「有能力者」——梵語以「能」「主宰」為根之名詞構造。對譯「根」為英文之 idiomatic 而非結構;玄奘譯「根」取「根本所依」之中文義,非「植物之根」。
⭐⭐ rūpa-prasāda(淨色)為五根定義之核心詞,亦五根之印歐祖語同源最豐者:
prasāda < pra-(前)+ √sad「沉澱、安住、澄清」+ -a(名詞後綴)< 印歐祖語 √*sed- 「坐、安住」:
| 同源 | 義 |
| 拉丁 sedeō | 「坐」 |
| 拉丁 sedimentum | 「沉澱物」(English sediment) |
| 拉丁 praesidēre | 「主持、守護」(pre+sit;英文 preside, president) |
| 英文 sit / set / settle | < OE sittan(坐)/ settan(置) |
| 希臘 hézomai | 「坐」 |
「淨色」之語義從印歐祖語 sed-「坐」而來:水靜則沙石沉澱,水自然澄清——prasāda 即此「沉澱而後澄清」之動性結構之名詞化。眼根之「淨色」者,非天然光潔之物質,乃四大配合至沉澱平衡而後顯之澄明狀態。如濁水靜置之澄清、磨鏡反復之光潔——眼根作為「光像之 receiver」之物理可能,根植於此「定靜方明」之動性原則。
⭐⭐⭐ 跨 dharma 觀察:prasāda(淨)一詞於 baifa 中雙地出現:
| 地 | 出處 | 義 |
| 心所 #19 信(śraddhā) | Asg 信定義之三 svabhāva 之一:prasāda(心淨/澄信) | 心理性之「澄」 |
| 色法 #60-#64 五根 | Asg 五根定義之核心:rūpa-prasāda(淨色根) | 物理性之「澄」 |
同一梵語詞根、同一印歐祖語詞源、雙層印記——心之澄明(信)與根之澄明(淨色根)共用梵文之同一「沉澱澄清」動詞結構。瑜伽行派論藏未明畫此連結,然詞彙 resonance 真實存在;此為 baifa 跨簇架構之值得標記之語源觀察之一(→#19 信「心淨為性」之「淨」字背後為此印歐祖語 √sed- 動性)。
⚠ In Review · 《阿毘達磨集論》(Abhidharma-samuccaya,Pradhan 校本 [Abhidh-s 3]):
cakṣurindriyaṃ katamat / catvāri mahābhūtānyupādāya cakṣurvijñānāśrayo rūpaprasādaḥ //
何為眼根?依四大種,為眼識之所依,淨色。
按:Asg 一句兼含識依(vijñānāśraya)與淨色(rūpaprasāda)二義;《大乘五蘊論》 漢譯「謂色為境清淨色」偏取境取面,《瑜伽師地論》「眼識所依淨色」偏取識依面。Asg 之雙義在玄奘漢譯中拆為兩部論之雙引——非任何一部漢譯為 Asg 之逐語素仿譯(不同於 51 心所之成唯識多為 Asg 之逐語素仿譯)。色法之梵文漢譯仿譯模式異於心所之模式。
OCR 注:GRETIL(哥廷根大學印度語典電子文獻檔)原文 cakṣuvijñānā śrayo → 正讀 cakṣurvijñānāśrayo(複合詞之 r 於行斷處遺失,並插入 spurious space;Asg 色法段 OCR 之常見模式,此為無著色法段 OCR 之常見誤植型)。
按:色法之 Asg-漢譯關係異於心所——色法定義以列舉式為主,Asg 用一公式覆 5 根,玄奘則拆為多部論之多重引文以呈完整教義。v1 條目於漢段疊四引文(《大乘五蘊論》/《瑜伽師地論》/《成唯識論》/《大乘百法明門論》)正應此 architectural 客觀事實,非疊文,乃還原 Asg 之雙義被漢譯所拆之原貌。
巴pāḷi
南傳於色法立28 種(Vism XIV.34–77 / Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha 第六章),分 11 群;眼根於南北傳判攝最直接對應 ——南傳名 cakkhu-pasāda,與瑜伽行派 cakṣur-indriya 對譯字字平行:
| 瑜伽行派(11 色法) | 南傳(28 色) | 對應度 |
| cakṣur-indriya(眼根) | cakkhu-pasāda(眼淨色) | ✅ 直接對應——名與義皆共 |
| rūpa-prasāda(淨色) | pasāda-rūpa(淨色) | ✅ 同詞同義 |
| 五根之第一 | 5 種 pasāda-rūpa 之第一 | ✅ 系統位置一致 |
⭐ 眼根為 baifa 11 色法中與南傳對應最乾淨者——名同(cakkhu-pasāda ↔ cakṣur-indriya 之 -pasāda / -indriya 雖差,皆指「能取之根」)、義同(淨色 + 識所依)、位置同(pasāda-rūpa 5 之首 / indriya 5 之首)。28 vs 11 之系統基數不同(南傳細分;唯識歸併),然眼根此一處完全收斂。
Pāli 對應:cakkhu-pasāda。Skt → Pāli 語音對應:cakṣ- → cakkh-(齶化);-us → -u(短化);-prasāda → -pasāda(pra → pa 之標準簡化)。
經
《相應部·六處相應》SN 35 全系列以眼處 / 眼識之公式開示,其中眼根本身之定義式不於經藏作獨立展開(與梵文經藏同——五根定義之精細層在論藏,非經藏)。經藏之功能性公式:
Cakkhuñca paṭicca rūpe ca uppajjati cakkhu-viññāṇaṃ.
緣眼與色,生眼識。
——眼根於此公式中作為眼識生起之緣而出,非以自身為定義對象。同公式亦見《大念處經》DN 22 法隨觀·六入處段、《中部》MN 148 Chachakkasutta(→#1 已詳)。
論
《清淨道論》(Visuddhimagga)卷十四分析五淨色根:
⚠ In Review · Vism XIV.46–47 之 cakkhu-pasāda 四相 Pāli 原文俟字元級核校後補入。結構性框架先立,逐字 Pāli 俟終校:
| 四相 | Pāli | 義 |
| lakkhaṇa 相 | rūpâbhighātârahaṃ bhūtappasādaṃ ⚠️ 待字元核校 | 堪受色境之大種淨色 |
| rasa 業 | rūpesu āviñchanaṃ ⚠️ 待字元核校 | 於諸色中令意趣向 |
| paccupaṭṭhāna 現起 | viññāṇassa ādhārabhāvo ⚠️ 待字元核校 | 為眼識之所依 |
| padaṭṭhāna 近因 | daṭṭhukāmatā-nidāna-bhūta-sambhūta ⚠️ 待字元核校 | 由「欲見」之業所成大種 |
——四相分析之架構與 Asg 之雙義(境取 + 識依)結構convergent:lakkhaṇa 對應 Asg「淨色」(rūpa-prasāda);paccupaṭṭhāna 對應 Asg「識所依」(vijñānāśraya);rasa 與 padaṭṭhāna 補出 Asg 未明之「業」與「因」。南北傳於眼根層之機制完全一致;分歧在系統基數(28 vs 11)而非眼根本身之教義。
按:眼根為南北傳教義之完全 convergent處_——名(cakkhu-pasāda ↔ cakṣur-indriya)、義(淨色 + 識所依)、四大種依、位置(5 根之首),無一分歧。此 convergence 與心王之分歧(六識 vs 八識)形成 paradigm-application 之對偶——_底層感官(色法)共傳;深處心識(心王)分判。色法層之南北 convergence 是 baifa 之最強 N-S alignment 證據。Vism 四相之 verbatim Pāli 待 v1 promotion 階段 byte-confirm;本文姑存結構框架。
漢綜述zh-synthesis
「眼根」之梵文 cakṣur-indriya 為兩段合成——cakṣus(眼,< √cakṣ「見、觀、現」之強化重複式 + -us 中性後綴)+ indriya(根、感官能力,< indra-「能力之神」+ -iya 屬格後綴,字義「屬於 Indra 者、有能力者」)。⚠️ cakṣus 之印歐祖語前史不確——可能與印歐祖語 *kʷek-「看」或 *spek-「望」有遠親關係,但 Indo-Iranian 之外無穩固對應;indriya 亦為 Indo-Iranian 之專屬構詞,無 IE 共同根。Pāli cakkhu 直承同根(標準語音對應 kṣ → kkh)。漢譯「眼根」之「眼」為 cakṣus 直譯,「根」字漢文取「根本所依」義(《說文》「根,木株也」之引申),對 indriya 之 Indra-屬格底層義為意譯而非結構同源——漢譯「根」字之「所依本」義替代了梵文「能力之屬」之動性義,二者於阿毘達磨用法上已慣例一致。⭐⭐⭐ 本條核心之詞源觀察非 cakṣus 一字、乃定義之核心詞 rūpa-prasāda(淨色,五根全體共此後綴):prasāda < pra-(前、強化)+ √sad「沉澱、安住、澄清」+ -a(名詞後綴),出自印歐祖語 *sed-「坐、安住」——印歐心識/物理詞彙之穩固動詞根。同源網絡:拉丁 sedeō(坐)/ sedimentum(沉澱物,英文 sediment)/ praesidēre(主持、守護,pra-+sit;英文 preside, president);希臘 hézomai(坐);古英文 sittan / settan(英文 sit / set / settle)。「淨色」之語義從 *sed- 「坐」而來:水靜則沙石沉澱,水自然澄清——prasāda 即此「沉澱而後澄清」之動性結構之名詞化。眼根之「淨色」非天然光潔之物質,乃四大配合至沉澱平衡而後顯之澄明狀態。⭐⭐⭐ 跨 dharma 詞源觀察:prasāda 一詞於 baifa 中雙地出現——心所 →#19 信 之 Asg 三 svabhāva 之一即 prasāda(心淨/澄信);色法 #60-#64 五根之核心定義即 rūpa-prasāda(淨色根)。同一梵語詞、同一 PIE 動詞根、雙層展用——心之澄明(信)與根之澄明(淨色根)共此「沉澱澄清」之動性結構。瑜伽行派論藏未明畫此連結,然詞彙呼應真實穩固——此為 baifa 跨 cetasika–rūpa cluster 之深層語源呼應,可為心法/色法兩界於語義動性層之深層共結構之文字學見證。
眼根為色法十一之首、五根(內五處)之第一。義理核心為四大種所造之淨色(catvāri mahābhūtānyupādāya rūpaprasādaḥ)+ 眼識(→#1)之所依(cakṣur-vijñāna-āśraya)+ 色境(→#65)之能取——三軸並開之阿毘達磨定義。Asg 公式「cakṣurindriyaṃ katamat / catvāri mahābhūtānyupādāya cakṣurvijñānāśrayo rūpaprasādaḥ」為 5 indriyas 之統一公式——除根名與所對境名外,其餘字字相同;眼/耳/鼻/舌/身五根定義僅一字代換之差(→#61–#64 同公式),唯顯系統之公式平行。玄奘《大乘五蘊論》卷一「云何眼根?謂色為境清淨色」為 Asg 此公式之漢譯仿譯——但僅取「境取面」(色為境 + 淨色),「識依面」(眼識所依)由《瑜伽師地論》卷一「眼識所依淨色」補出;Asg 之雙義在玄奘漢譯中拆為兩部論之雙引——非任何一部漢譯為 Asg 之逐語素仿譯(不同於 51 心所之成唯識多為 Asg 之逐語素仿譯)。色法之梵文/漢譯仿譯模式異於心所之模式。「不可見、有對」(anidarśana, sapratigha):眼根不可見——非言眼盲之不可見,乃言此淨色根本身非眼識所及之色境(眼識所緣為 rūpa-viṣaya →#65,非 cakṣur-indriya 自身);有對(sapratigha)——謂物理性之占位與抗拒,與心法、無為之「無對」對舉。⭐ 「色法卻不入色境」——此為色法定義之第一個架構之 paradox:眼根為 rūpa(屬色法),但非 rūpa 之 viṣaya(非色境之內容);唯佛眼/天眼能見之說即此意。扶根塵 vs 淨色根之教義分判:肉血之眼球(sahabhū-rūpa)為扶根塵;眼根之 cakṣur-indriya 乃寄於眼球中之清淨色根——四大配合至極清淨澄明之狀態而成,非別於四大之第五元素,乃四大之沉澱平衡狀態。如澄水之能映物、磨鏡之能照影;眼根於物理層之功能性角色即此「光像之承受者」(→巴段 cakkhu-pasāda 之 lakkhaṇa)。⭐⭐ 色法 vs 心法之兩個架構分歧:眼根由阿賴耶(→#8)異熟種子所變現(為 nimitta-bhāga 之 projection),不需九緣架構(色法非緣起依 of vijñāna-arising 之同類);亦無「至佛位」轉化(色法非識,不轉智)——此即色法 cluster 與心法 cluster 之兩個架構分歧:(a) 生起機制——色法為阿賴耶異熟所變、心法為諸緣聚合所生;(b) 轉依機制——色法無 āśraya-parāvṛtti(佛位前後其結構不變、唯阿賴耶種子由染轉淨)、心法有四智轉化(前五識 → 成所作智、第六 → 妙觀察智、第七 → 平等性智、第八 → 大圓鏡智)。修行之終極工作場所在心法層、不在色法層;色法為被觀察之底層、非觀察之主動者。
眼根為 baifa 範圍內南北傳對應乾淨之 dharma 之一——名同(cakkhu-pasāda ↔ cakṣur-indriya)、義同(淨色 + 識所依)、位置同(5 pasāda-rūpa 之首 / 5 indriya 之首)。Skt → Pāli 語音對應規則化:cakṣ- → cakkh-(齶化)、-us → -u(短化)、-prasāda → -pasāda(pra → pa 標準簡化);五根全體之 Skt-Pāli 映射皆為規則性對應。⭐⭐ 然系統基數差異顯著——南傳 28 色 vs 北傳 11 色:南傳《清淨道論》XIV.34-77 與《攝阿毘達磨義論》第六章將色法分 11 群共 28 種(4 大種 + 5 淨色根 + 4 境 + 2 性 + 1 心所依處 + 1 命根色 + 1 食 + 1 限界 + 2 表 + 3 變化 + 4 相);瑜伽行派《大乘百法明門論》合併為 5 群共 11 種(5 根 + 5 境 + 法處所攝色)。南傳細分、北傳歸併——但於眼根此一處完全收斂:兩傳於 cakkhu-pasāda / cakṣur-indriya 之教義 100% 一致。《清淨道論》XIV.46-47 之四相分析(lakkhaṇa = 堪受色境之大種淨色 / rasa = 於諸色中令意趣向 / paccupaṭṭhāna = 為眼識之所依 / padaṭṭhāna = 由「欲見」之業所成大種)與 Asg 之雙義結構收斂一致:lakkhaṇa 對應 Asg「淨色」(rūpa-prasāda),paccupaṭṭhāna 對應 Asg「識所依」(vijñānāśraya);rasa 與 padaṭṭhāna 補出 Asg 未明之「業」與「因」。⭐⭐⭐ 底層感官共傳;深處心識分判——此為 baifa 範圍內顯著之 N-S 架構之對偶:色法層(眼根 + 五根五境之 能取/所取機制)為南北傳深度彙合區,相對於心王層(六識 vs 八識)為南北傳重大分歧區。同一現象學於南北分析之架構承諾:底層之「物理/感官底層」雙傳一致(皆以 prasāda/pasāda 為核心、皆以四大為依、皆判 5 根為 5 識所依),深層之「心識/架構上層」雙傳分歧(北加末那 →#7、阿賴耶 →#8;南止於六識 + 多機制分散處理)。色法之 N-S 彙合是 baifa 之深度 N-S 一致證據;亦顯傳承分歧之界線本身——分歧不於底層感官、乃於深層心識架構。
眼根之修持涵義非顯於阿毘達磨之能取根定義,乃於「定靜方明」之動性原則——prasāda 之動詞核心。眼根作為「光像之承受者」之物理功能依此原則:眼根於眼之物理層需沉澱方能澄清,正如水之沉澱、鏡之磨光、玻璃之澄明——眼根之 能取功能於物理層之佳狀態為已沉澱平衡之狀態,非天然光潔之自然態。此為根門守護(indriya-saṃvara)教義之底層本體論根據:根門守護非苦行式之拘束、乃保持眼根(及其餘四根)於沉澱澄明狀態之修持。當注意力於眼根之底層保持沉澱平衡(不被貪愛驅入視覺流之追逐、不被瞋恨拉入視覺刺激之拒斥),眼根之澄明功能顯著;當底層被貪/瞋/癡攪動,澄明功能即減損。⭐⭐⭐ 跨 cetasika–rūpa 之修持涵義:心之澄明(信,→#19 之 prasāda)與根之澄明(淨色根,#60–#64 之 rūpa-prasāda)共此 PIE *sed- 之「沉澱澄清」動性結構——根門守護不是與心之澄淨修持分離之事,乃同一動性於物理層/心理層之分位展用;信之心淨 + 根門之根淨 = 同一沉澱動性於兩個層次之同步展開。修觀(vipassanā)之「watching seeing」操作於眼根層之精確點:注意力安住於眼根之受用功能自身(底層)、未及色境內容之凝聚為已被命名與評價之物(內容層)——此為「保持眼根於 prasāda 狀態」之修持具體化。⭐ 眼根於楞嚴二十五圓通中之分位:阿那律陀之「不因眼,觀見十方」(卷五)為眼根法門之經典闡述——逆轉眼根之向外取境(出流)、反觀能見之自性(旋見循元);唯文殊揀選二十五圓通最終以耳根之圓通為第一(→#61 觀世音「反聞聞自性」),眼根法門於漢傳實踐位階上次於耳根法門。色法之修持架構:色法雖為被觀察之底層(非觀察之主動者),然底層之沉澱/攪動狀態直接影響觀察之忠實度——故色法雖無「至佛位」轉化,仍為修持之必要前提。⚠️ 本條所引楞嚴段依《大佛頂首楞嚴經》(T19n0945,唐.般剌蜜帝譯),神龍元年(705)譯出,譯史記錄見諸經錄;本條引用以漢傳經典地位為據,於本書三層印記中屬 [大乘] 段之漢傳經證(詳譯者按 [大乘] 引文選用說明)。
漢譯「眼根」為玄奘之既譯——「眼」為 cakṣus 之直譯(與 →#1 眼識之 cakṣur-vijñāna 共此根),「根」字漢文取「根本所依」義(《說文》「根,木株也」之引申),對 indriya 之 Indra-屬格底層義為意譯而非結構同源——漢譯「根」字之「所依本」義替代了梵文「能力之屬」之動性義,但二者於阿毘達磨用法上已慣例一致,無實質歧義。「淨色」(rūpa-prasāda)為玄奘所選——《大乘五蘊論》「清淨色」與《大乘百法明門論》「淨色」之變體共存;玄奘於成熟期譯多選「淨色」之簡形以保 prasāda 之動詞性(「淨」字漢文亦動詞性,含「使淨」之動性,合 pra-+sad- 之動詞底層)。英譯之選擇較複雜:
(a) Eye-faculty——現代學界主流主用;以 faculty 對 indriya 之能力義;保守而保留 indriya 之能力義; (b) Eye-organ——部分現代譯者用;過於粗解剖式、易令現代讀者誤讀為扶根塵之眼球;本譯不採; (c) Eye-base——緬甸-Pāli 譯界用(譯 cakkhāyatana);保 āyatana「處」之空間性義但失 indriya 之 faculty 義; (d) Visual sense-faculty——釋義性譯;明釋而冗長,不入學術術語; (e) Eye-sense——部分現代譯者用;功能性而簡短,但失 indriya 之能力義。
本譯保留 Eye-faculty 為英文段通行譯,輔以 the clarified material substrate 之釋義性稱謂——既保 faculty 之 capability 義,又於釋義中明示 rūpa-prasāda 之「淨色底層」核心。「淨色」(rūpa-prasāda)之英譯諸選擇:clarified matter(直譯,本譯主用)/ transparent matter(重透明之物理義,但失「淨化過程」之動性)/ lucent material(拉丁 lūceō 同源,重光明性但失 prasāda 之 sediment-clarity 動性)/ settled clarity(重 sed- 之動性核心,準確但生澀)。本譯多用 clarified matter + 上下文釋義之雙重策略。「不可見、有對」之譯:non-visible, resistant(直譯)/ invisible, with-resistance(過於日常);本譯用 non-visible and resistant,於釋義中明示「非言眼盲之不可見、乃 not a viṣaya of any consciousness」之阿毘達磨義。收尾架構觀察:⭐⭐⭐ baifa 跨 cluster 核心之語源觀察為 prasāda——同一梵語詞、同一 PIE *sed- 動詞根、雙地展用:心所 →#19 信之 prasāda(心淨/澄信)+ 色法 #60-#64 五根之 rūpa-prasāda(淨色根)。心之澄明與根之澄明共「沉澱方澄清」之動性結構——此為 baifa 中 cetasika–rūpa 跨 cluster 之深層語源呼應;玄奘漢譯以一「淨」字承之(「心淨」+「淨色」),雖未明畫此連結,詞彙之跨詞族證據真實穩固。漢字之「淨」字之語意統一性(一字承梵之 prasāda 雙地)+ 梵文之 prasāda 之衍生統一性(一根派生為心理+物理雙地)+ 印歐祖語 *sed- 之跨印歐統一性(拉丁 sedeō / sedimentum / praesidēre;英文 sit / settle / sediment / preside)= 三層語言架構之同步見證。此為 baifa 之深層詞源-as-架構觀察——詞源學作為心識/物理跨 cluster 架構之跨傳承文字學證據。
眼根 ——依四大種,為眼識(→#1)之所依,色(→#65)之能取;淨色為性,不可見、有對。
英綜述en-synthesis
Sanskrit cakṣur-indriya compounds cakṣus (the eye, from √
Etymology. Sanskrit cakṣur-indriya compounds cakṣus (the eye, from √cakṣ "to see," an intensive reduplication of √khyā, with the neuter -us suffix) and indriya ("faculty," from indra- — the deity of capacity — with appurtenance suffix -iya, literally "what belongs to Indra," extended in the Brahmanical and Buddhist technical vocabulary to denote any locus of capacity within a being). The cakṣ- root has no robust Indo-European cognate set: possible relations to PIE *kʷek- "see" or *spek- "look" are speculative and limited to weak Indo-Iranian-internal evidence. The PIE attestation of indra itself is also confined to Indo-Iranian. (False-cognate alert: Sanskrit cakṣus is not etymologically related to English eye < Old English ēage < Proto-Germanic *augô < PIE *h₃ekʷ-, the standard IE "eye"-root yielding Latin oculus and Greek óphthalmos but bypassing Sanskrit entirely.) The IE that does carry weight in this entry is in the qualifier rūpa-prasāda — the "clarified matter" that defines what an indriya physically IS. Prasāda < pra- + √sad + -a, traceable cleanly to PIE *sed- "sit, settle, take stable position": Latin sedeō (sit), sedimentum (sediment, "what has settled" — English sediment), praesidēre (to sit before, to preside — the same pra-+sit construction that yields prasāda; English preside, president); Greek hézomai (sit), héza (seat); Old English sittan (sit), settan (set, settle). The semantic chain across the IE family is consistent: a thing settles, comes to rest, falls into stillness — and from that stillness, clarity emerges. The Yogācāra physiological claim that the eye-faculty is matter-at-maximum-sediment-clarity, a settled-and-now-transparent receiver, is named by the same PIE motion that names a courtroom's "presiding" judge or a glass of water's sediment. A second observation that this etymology surfaces: prasāda is the same word, with the same PIE root, that defines mental clarity in śraddhā (信, →#19), where the heart "settles clear" toward the noble. Yogācāra does not draw the line explicitly, but the lexical resonance — prasāda of the heart, prasāda of the eye — is a real structural convergence in the dharma-list. Both clarities are sediment-clarities, named by the same Indo-European motion of settling.
The eye-faculty in Yogācāra is not the eyeball — that gross visible organ is the 扶根塵 (sahabhū-rūpa, "supporting gross matter," what the West casually calls "the eye"). The 眼根 proper is a subtle clarified substrate (rūpa-prasāda / 淨色) lodged within the eyeball, derived from the four primary elements (mahābhūta) at maximum balance, serving as the internal support (āśraya) for eye-consciousness (→#1) to arise with respect to the visible-form domain (→#65). Asaṅga's Asg formula gives all five faculties at once with a single sentence-template — five substitutions of the X-vijñāna and the X-viṣaya, with everything else word-for-word identical (cakṣus / śrotra / ghrāṇa / jihvā / kāya). Three architectural points emerge from this pattern. (1) Five-channel parallelism, no crossing. Cakṣur-indriya touches only rūpa-viṣaya, never śabda; the corresponding consciousnesses inherit this exclusivity. The 9-condition doctrine for vijñāna-arising (→#1, 九緣) presupposes the indriya layer's parallelism — without the indriya's exclusivity, the consciousnesses' channel-distinctness has no anchor. (2) Non-visible and resistant. The eye-faculty is anidarśana (non-visible, 不可見) and sapratigha (resistant, 有對) — non-visible because it is not itself a viṣaya for any consciousness (only Buddha-eye and divine-eye reach it); resistant because it occupies physical space and excludes other matter from that location. The eye-faculty IS rūpa, but rūpa that does not enter the rūpa-viṣaya. The system holds this paradox tight; it does not soften it. (3) Projected by the ālaya, not arisen-from-conditions. The eye-faculty does not arise from conditions in the way vijñāna does (no 9-緣 apparatus applies), and it does not transform at awakening as the 8 vijñānas transform (no 轉識 / āśraya-parāvṛtti operates at the indriya layer). It is a 相分 (nimitta-bhāga) projected by the storehouse-consciousness (→#8) from the maturation-seed (異熟種子, vipāka-bīja), regenerated continuously moment-by-moment. The faculty is a product, not an actor — and this is precisely why the 諸緣 / 至佛位 sub-sections (which apply at the consciousness layer, →#1–#8) do not apply at the indriya layer. The matter-of-the-senses doctrine has its own architecture, distinct from the consciousness doctrine that depends on it.
The eye-faculty is the cleanest North-South correspondence in the entire baifa list. Theravāda's pasāda-rūpa structure — the five clarified-matter sense-faculties (cakkhu-pasāda, sota-pasāda, ghāna-pasāda, jivhā-pasāda, kāya-pasāda) — maps one-to-one onto Yogācāra's five indriyas: name (the qualifier pasāda / prasāda is the identical morpheme, identical PIE root, identical structural position), definition (clarified matter derived from the four great elements, support for the corresponding consciousness), system position (first sub-group within rūpa). The structural cardinality of rūpa differs — Theravāda counts 28 rūpas in 11 sub-groups (Vism XIV.34–77; Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha ch. 6); Yogācāra counts 11 in five sub-groups (《大乘百法明門論》) — but on the specific question of what a sense-faculty IS, both schools say the same thing in cognate vocabulary. Asaṅga's Asg formula and Buddhaghosa's Visuddhimagga four-fold (lakkhaṇa / rasa / paccupaṭṭhāna / padaṭṭhāna) are structurally convergent: Asg's "support for vijñāna" matches Vism's paccupaṭṭhāna ("supporting role for consciousness"); Asg's "clarified matter" matches Vism's lakkhaṇa ("matter capable of receiving the visible-form impact"). The Pāli canonical attestation in Saṃyutta-Nikāya's Saḷāyatana-saṃyutta uses cakkhu primarily within the dependent-arising formula cakkhuñca paṭicca rūpe ca uppajjati cakkhu-viññāṇaṃ — the faculty is named as a condition of consciousness-arising, not given a freestanding lakṣaṇa-definition. The faculty-definition layer lives in the abhidharma; the canon proper assumes it. The same structure obtains for the Sanskrit canonical parallel (Saṃyukta-Āgama 322): one sentence in the sutra naming the eye-faculty as four-element-derived clarified matter, then "亦如是說" extending the same definition across all five — sutra-level coverage by template, abhidharma-level elaboration deferred. This division of doctrinal labor — sutra naming faculty as condition, abhidharma giving faculty its definition — is uniform across both traditions. The 眼根 entry is therefore an outright shared inheritance of the abhidharma age, not a Yogācāra elaboration of a Theravāda kernel; both schools inherit the same Sthavira-era analysis. The contrast with 心王 (where the North counts 8 vijñānas and the South counts 6, the deepest sectarian divergence in the baifa list) makes this convergence point structurally significant: the deepest sectarian split appears at the consciousness layer, while the matter-of-the-senses layer is cross-traditionally shared. Color-form sees the same way North and South; only the consciousness that interprets it later splits.
The eye-faculty as a doctrinal object can sound remote from contemplative work — abhidharma's "subtle clarified matter inside the eyeball" is not what a meditator typically attends to. But the doctrine carries one practitioner-relevant claim: seeing is not done by the eye-physical-organ but at a substrate that requires settled balance to function. The classical similes are physical: clear water that has had time to deposit its particles; polished metal that has had its abrasions removed; glass cleaned to the point of admitting light without distortion. The eye-faculty is what gets clearer when the eye is rested, when the body is composed, when attention is not driven into the visual stream by craving — and what loses clarity when the substrate is agitated. This is doctrinally why concentration disciplines so often begin at sense-restraint (indriya-saṃvara): not because seeing is the problem, but because unguarded seeing churns the very substrate that makes clear seeing possible. The vipassanā discipline of "watching seeing" — noting seeing, seeing — works at the seam between this clarified faculty and the consciousness that depends on it, slowing the immediate consciousness-collapse of "seeing → object → reaction" until the faculty layer can be felt as separate from the conceptual gloss imposed downstream. And — a connection most contemplative traditions name independently — the practitioner discovers experientially what the etymology already encodes: clarity in seeing has the same structure as clarity in the heart. The eye settles, the heart settles. Both are prasāda. The practice of indriya-saṃvara at the visual gate is not finally a different practice from the cultivation of śraddhā at the mental gate; they are two registers of the same sediment-clarity action that the Indo-European root *sed- has been naming for at least four millennia.
Eye-faculty (cakṣur-indriya) — the clarified material substrate, derived from the four primary elements, that serves as the internal support of eye-consciousness with the visible-form domain as its object; non-visible to the gross eye, occupying physical space, regenerated continuously by the maturation-projection of the storehouse-consciousness; first of the five sense-faculties and first of the eleven matter-dharmas.
譯translator's note
譯者按: 五根典範之結構分析詳 S3 色法論文(⚠️ 論文編號待確認;可能 S3-P11 或 S3-P12,依現有 S3-P07–P13 之分配未明)。值得標記之跨 dharma 觀察為 prasāda(淨)一詞之雙地出現:心所 #19 信之 svabhāva「心淨」與色法 #60–#64 五根之「淨色根」(rūpa-prasāda)共印歐祖語 √*sed- 之「沉澱澄清」動性(→#19),是 baifa 中 cetasika–rūpa 跨類別顯著之語源 resonance;玄奘漢譯以一「淨」字承之,雖未明畫此連結,詞彙之 cross-詞族證據真實且穩固。
[大乘] 引文選用說明 — 色法 11 條(#60–#69)之 [大乘] 引文以《大佛頂首楞嚴經》二十五圓通系列為典範經文(卷五卷六,覆 5 根 + 5 境;#70 法處所攝色另選)。 所引為《大佛頂首楞嚴經》(T19n0945,唐.般剌蜜帝譯,十卷),神龍元年(705)譯出,譯史記錄見諸經錄;漢傳歷代祖師大德皆推崇此經為大乘要典。本書引用楞嚴段以漢傳經典地位為據;本書色法詞族之 [大乘] / [共傳] / 論三層印記中,[共傳] 與論標南北傳共同之文本基礎,[大乘] 段則標漢傳大乘之經證。