不正見Wrong views
根本煩惱六之第六,亦為篇幅最大者。百法唯識以「不正見」(kudṛṣṭi)一名統攝 Asg 所列之五種 dṛṣṭi,于梵本中為五條獨立 kleśa 條目——唯識之合五為一本身即為 taxonomic 判斷,非文本事實。
漢zh · Xuanzang 譯
根本煩惱六之第六,亦為篇幅最大者。百法唯識以「不正見」(kudṛṣṭi)一名統攝 Asg 所列之五種 dṛṣṭi,于梵本中為五條獨立 kleśa 條目——唯識之合五為一本身即為 taxonomic 判斷,非文本事實。
五見以染慧(kleśa-saṃprayuktā prajñā / 失常態之慧心所)為體——故五見與 #18 慧(prajñā,→#18)共用同一心所,一念中只能有一見現行,五見展轉不相應(《成論》「五見展轉,必不相應,非一心中,有多慧故」)。此使 #35 不正見與 #18 慧成為同一心所(cetasika)在清淨 / 染污兩 modal states 之對偶——最深之認知洞察力(慧)與最深之認知誤用(不正見)共源同體。
經
[共傳] 《雜阿含經》卷二(第四十五經)——二十種身見(satkāyadṛṣṭi 之完整展開):
若諸沙門、婆羅門見有我者,一切皆於此五受陰見我……見色是我,色異我,我在色,色在我;見受、想、行、識是我,識異我,我在識,識在我。
5 蘊 × 4 模式 = 20 種身見——「是我」「異我」「我在蘊」「蘊在我」四種身份認同模式逐蘊展開。直接平行:巴利 SN 22.1(Nakulapitā Sutta)+ MN 44(Cūḷavedalla Sutta,Dhammadinnā 比丘尼所說)——三重共傳。
《雜阿含》卷二十九(第七九七經)三結:
何等為須陀洹果?謂三結斷。
三結 = sakkāya-diṭṭhi(身見)+ vicikicchā(疑,→#34)+ sīlabbata-parāmāsa(戒禁取)。此確認五見中之三見(身見 / 邊見 / 戒禁取,加邪見作為見道見)為入流所斷——是本條于修道位之最直接證攝。
[大乘] 《楞嚴經》卷十(行陰十魔)——系統列十種行陰禪那邪解(二無因論 / 四遍常論 / 四一分常論 / 四有邊論 / 四矯亂論 / 十六有想 / 八無想 / 八俱非想 / 七斷滅論 / 五現涅槃論):
由此計度,亦是虛偽,非實菩提。如來說為,外道知見。
⭐ 楞嚴行陰十魔 ↔ DN 1 Brahmajāla 六十二見之直線對應:楞嚴之行陰十類邪解幾乎逐項對應 DN 1 梵網經之十大類外道見(常住論 / 半常論 / 邊無邊論 / 矯亂論 / 無因論 / 有想論 / 無想論 / 非想非非想論 / 斷滅論 / 現法涅槃論)。漢傳大乘將古老之邪見批判教學以「禪修中之境界偏差」形式重新呈現——顯示此批判教學橫跨兩千年、跨越部派界而保持結構穩定。
論
Asg 五見之定義——逐條列于梵段(見下)。《成唯識論》卷六之三層批判:
-
俱生 / 分別之分:身見與邊見「通俱生」(禽獸等亦有——「禽獸等,執我常存,熾然聚集長時資具」即俱生邊見之現象學),其餘三見(邪見 / 見取 / 戒禁取)加 #34 疑為四唯分別起煩惱(需 paryāya 之推度方生)。
-
五見之修道 / 見道斷:
- 分別起者(邪見 / 見取 / 戒禁取 + 疑):見道斷(聞教法即破)
- 俱生起者(身見 / 邊見之俱生態):修道斷(觀生滅漸除)
-
染慧為體說:「五見以染慧為體」——此為《成論》之判攝深化,Asg 原典僅以 5 條 dṛṣṭi 列為獨立 kleśa 條目,「以慧為體」之 modal-state 詮釋為成唯識論之架構創發。〔此為成論判攝,非 Asg 原文直接立場〕
按:「五見展轉,必不相應,非一心中,有多慧故」——此句點明五見之共用心所(cetasika)結構(染慧)之現象的後果:你只能在任一刻持一種邪見,因一刻只有一個慧心所。這使「我有很多邪見」成為一種自我矛盾——它們不能 co-arise,只能輪番現行。
梵saṃskṛta
dṛṣṭi < √dṛś(見、視)+ -ti(抽象名詞後綴)← 印歐祖語 *derḱ-「見、注視」(Wiktionary 重建確定)。
同源:
- 希臘 δέρκομαι(dérkomai,「我凝視」)——荷馬史詩之文學動詞
- 希臘 δράκων(drákōn,「龍 / 蛇」= 「銳目者」,< *dérḱ-mn̥)→ 拉丁 dracō → 英文 dragon
- Avestan darəs-(見),古愛爾蘭 derc(眼),Hittite tarra-(觀)
- Pāli diṭṭhi < dṛṣṭi 直承同根
英語 dragon(「敏目之獸」)與梵文 dṛṣṭi(「見解 / 邪見」)共印歐祖語 *derḱ- 根——不見于許多讀者意料之中,但「凝視者」之意象于誤見之現象學中有義理共鳴:錯誤之見不是盲目,而是固執地凝視于片段,將之誤作全體。
《阿毘達磨集論》(阿毘達磨-samuccaya,Pradhan 校本,根本煩惱第六,五條獨立 entries):
25a. 薩迦耶見(satkāyadṛṣṭi)
satkāyadṛṣṭiḥ katamā / pañcopādānaskandhān ātmataḥ ātmīyato vā samanupaśyataḥ yā kṣāntiḥ rucir matiḥ prekṣā dṛṣṭiḥ / sarva-dṛṣṭi-gata-sanniśrayadāna-karmikā //
何為薩迦耶見?于五取蘊執為我(ātmataḥ)或我所(ātmīyataḥ),所起之 kṣānti(忍可)/ ruci(欣樂)/ mati(思惟)/ prekṣā(觀察)/ dṛṣṭi(見)為性。為一切見之所依(sarva-dṛṣṭi-gata-sanniśrayadāna)為業。
五階見之形成序列(Asg 特有分析,《成論》未保留):從接受(kṣānti)→ 欣樂(ruci)→ 思考(mati)→ 觀察(prekṣā)→ 固化為見(dṛṣṭi)。此五階描述認知誤見如何從初始之接納漸次固化為確信——認知固化之心理學。
《成唯識論》卷六:「于五取蘊,執我、我所,一切見趣所依為業」——逐字對應 Asg sarva-dṛṣṭi-gata-sanniśrayadāna。
25b. 邊執見(antagrāhadṛṣṭi)
antagrāhadṛṣṭiḥ katamā / pañcopādānaskandhān śāśvatato vā ucchedato vā samanupaśyataḥ ... dṛṣṭiḥ / madhyamā-pratipad-niryāṇa-paripantha-karmikā //
何為邊執見?于五取蘊執常(śāśvata)或斷(uccheda)之見。為障中道出離(madhyamā-pratipad-niryāṇa-paripantha)為業。
《成論》:「隨執斷、常,障處中行、出離為業」——逐字。《成論》另立俱生邊見之現象:「禽獸等,執我常存,熾然聚集長時資具」——禽獸儲糧即俱生常見(執自我常存)之現象的例。
25c. 見取(dṛṣṭiparāmarśa)
dṛṣṭiparāmarśaḥ katamaḥ / dṛṣṭiṃ dṛṣṭi-āśrayāṃś ca pañcopādānaskandhān agrataḥ śreṣṭhataḥ viśiṣṭataḥ paramataś ca samanupaśyataḥ ... dṛṣṭiḥ / asad-dṛṣṭyabhiniveśa-sanniśrayadāna-karmakaḥ //
何為見取?于諸見及見所依五取蘊執為最(agra)/勝(śreṣṭha)/上(viśiṣṭa)/極(parama)之見。為邪見執著之所依為業。
注:Asg 四重超等鏈(agra-śreṣṭha-viśiṣṭa-parama)于《成論》壓縮為「最勝」——可恢復四重以存 Asg 修辭力度。
25d. 戒禁取(śīlavrataparāmarśa)
śīlavrata-parāmarśaḥ katamaḥ / śīlaṃ vrataṃ śīla-vrata-(āśrayāṃ)ś ca pañcopādānaskandhān śuddhito muktito nairyāṇikataś ca samanupaśyataḥ ... dṛṣṭiḥ / śrama-vaiphalya-sanniśrayadāna-karmakaḥ //
何為戒禁取?于戒、禁、戒禁所依五取蘊執為清淨(śuddhi)/解脫(mukti)/出離道(nairyāṇika)之見。為勞苦無果(śrama-vaiphalya)之所依為業。
GRETIL(哥廷根大學印度語典電子文獻檔) OCR 注:raw has śīlavataparāmarthaḥ(vata→vrata 子音叢缺;parāmartha→parāmarśa 末字誤),均已校正。
《成論》「無利勤苦所依」字字直譯——śrama=勤苦,vaiphalya=無利(無果),為《成論》最精確之字字對譯之一。
25e. 邪見(mithyādṛṣṭi)
mithyādṛṣṭiḥ katamā / hetuṃ vā apavadataḥ phalaṃ vā kriyāṃ vā sad vā vastu nāśayataḥ mithyā ca vikalpayataḥ ... dṛṣṭiḥ / kuśalamūla-samucchedakarmikā / akuśalamūla-dṛḍhatā-sanniśrayadāna-karmikā / akuśale pravṛtti-karmikā kuśale ca apravṛtti-karmikā vā //
何為邪見?否定因(hetu)/果(phala)/業(kriyā)/實事(sad-vastu)并錯誤分別之見。為: (1)斷善根(kuśalamūla-samuccheda); (2)令惡根堅固(akuśalamūla-dṛḍhatā)之所依; (3)令惡行起、令善行不起(akuśale pravṛtti / kuśale apravṛtti)為業。
邪見之三重業式——五見中唯邪見得此三重 karma-子句(其餘四見皆一重);首條「斷善根」(kuśalamūla-samuccheda)尤重——五見中唯邪見能斷善根。Pāli niyata-micchā-diṭṭhi(決定邪見,如 natthika-diṭṭhi 虛無主義)為必墮地獄之邪見,與此三重業式之最重條(斷善根)對應。
按:sarva-dṛṣṭi-gata-sanniśrayadāna(薩迦耶見為一切見之所依)+ Asg 之五見順序(身見 → 邊見 → 邪見 → 見取 → 戒禁取)+ DN 1 梵網經之最終判定(一切 62 見皆以 vedanā-paccayā taṇhā-paccayā upādāna-paccayā diṭṭhi 收結,即一切邪見皆下游于受,非純粹之「思辨」),三層收斂于同一 insight:邪見之根不是錯誤的思想,而是被愛欲推動的錯誤之見——故其根本對治不僅是正確信息,更是斬斷愛欲之緣起。
巴pāḷi
不善心所(akusala 心所(cetasika))。南傳論藏立 diṭṭhi 為lobha-group cetasika(與 lobha / māna 同組)——僅與 8 lobha-mūla-cittas 中之 4 diṭṭhigata-sampayutta(邪見相應之四貪根心)同起。此判攝使 diṭṭhi 于南傳為獨立之貪根伴隨心所,而非癡之顯現或慧之失常態——此與唯識「染慧為體」說之心所(cetasika)定位有差:
| 傳統 | diṭṭhi / dṛṣṭi 之心所(cetasika)結構 | 根本 |
|---|---|---|
| Theravāda | 獨立心所(cetasika),lobha-組 | 貪根(lobha-mūla) |
| 唯識(成論判攝) | 染慧之 modal 狀態(「以染慧為體」) | 慧心所(prajñā)之失常態 |
兩傳均認為 diṭṭhi 與自我執取相關聯,但 modal relation 判定不同。
五見之 Pāli 對應——全部直接 attested
| 梵文 | 巴利 | 主要證攝 |
|---|---|---|
| satkāya-dṛṣṭi | sakkāya-diṭṭhi | 十結之首;SN 22.1 / MN 44 / AN 10.13;須陀洹斷 |
| antagrāha-dṛṣṭi | antaggāhikā diṭṭhi | DN 1 常 / 斷見大類;Vibhaṅga 17 |
| mithyā-dṛṣṭi | micchā-diṭṭhi | 八正道之反;natthika-diṭṭhi;MN 41 / DN 2 |
| dṛṣṭi-parāmarśa | diṭṭhi-parāmāsa | 四 kāya-gantha 之 idaṃ-saccābhinivesa |
| śīlavrata-parāmarśa | sīlabbata-parāmāsa | 十結第三;AN 10.13;須陀洹斷 |
Pāli 語音對應:satkāya→sakkāya / antagrāha→antaggāhika / mithyā→micchā / parāmarśa→parāmāsa / śīlavrata→sīlabbata。
DN 1 梵網經(Brahmajāla Sutta)六十二見——完整批判架構
《長部》DN 1 系統列六十二見,攝佛陀對一切外道見之最詳盡批判:
過去見(18 種):常住論(4)/ 半常半無常論(4)/ 邊無邊論(4)/ 不死矯亂論(4)/ 無因論(2)
未來見(44 種):有想論(16)/ 無想論(8)/ 非想非非想論(8)/ 斷滅論(7)/ 現法涅槃論(5)
DN 1 最終判定:一切 62 見皆以 vedanā-paccayā taṇhā-paccayā upādāna-paccayā diṭṭhi 收結——即一切邪見皆下游于受(vedanā),而非純粹之思辨偏差。此與 Asg satkāyadṛṣṭi 為「一切見之所依根」(sarva-dṛṣṭi-gata-sanniśrayadāna)之判攝收斂:身見(自我執取)為一切邪見之根,而身見本身又植根于受與愛。
⭐ 楞嚴行陰十魔 ↔ DN 1 六十二見:直線對應——楞嚴卷十之行陰十魔(二無因論 / 四遍常論 / 四一分常論 / 四有邊論 / 四矯亂論 / 十六有想 / 八無想 / 八俱非 / 七斷滅 / 五現涅槃)逐項對應 DN 1 之十大類。此顯示漢傳大乘以「禪修偏差之境界」重新包裝古老邪見批判教學——批判結構跨越兩千年、南北傳界、部派界保持穩定,是佛教教學中最古老之義理層之一。
論
《清淨道論》XIV.164 以四相分析 diṭṭhi(邪見):
| 四相 | Pāli | 義 |
|---|---|---|
| 相 lakkhaṇa | ayoniso abhinivesa | 不如理之執取 |
| 業 rasa | parāmasana | 顛倒、誤握 |
| 現 paccupaṭṭhāna | micchābhinivesa | 邪確信 |
| 足處 padaṭṭhāna | ariyānaṃ adassanakāmatā | 不欲見聖者 |
| 比喻 | kummagga(邪道) | 迷路者執謬路為通村之徑 |
(暫據 wisdomlib Vism §164 意引;非 PTS 校本直引,俟終校)。
Vism 之padaṭṭhāna「不欲見聖者」為南傳特有之 psycho-social 分析:邪見之起不只是認知偏差,更有「主動拒絕接觸能夠糾正它的源頭」之意志維度——此與 Asg「邪見斷善根」(kuśalamūla-samuccheda)為同一義理洞見之兩面:一從認知後果(斷善根),一從生起原因(不欲見聖)。
按:Vism 之 kummagga(邪道)比喻精準——「執謬路為通村之徑,雖走而不至」:邪見之危險在于它有方向(committed),不是 #34 疑之無方向(uncommitted)。此對比也解釋了為何邪見有時比疑更難對治:疑是「不知道要走哪條路」,邪見是「知道要走哪條路,但那條路是錯的,且自己確信它是對的」。
漢綜述zh-synthesis
「不正見」之梵文 dṛṣṭi < √dṛś(見、視)+ -ti(抽象名詞後綴)← 印歐祖語 *derḱ-「見、注視」(Wiktionary 重建確定)。Indo-Iranian 同源確立:Avestan darəs-(見)——Iranian witness secured;古希臘 δέρκομαι(dérkomai,「我凝視」,荷馬史詩之動詞)、δράκων(drákōn,「龍 / 蛇」= 「敏目者」,< *dérḱ-mn̥)→ 拉丁 dracō → 英文 dragon;古愛爾蘭 derc(眼)。英文 dragon 與梵文 dṛṣṭi 共印歐祖語 *derḱ- 根——「敏目之獸」與「邪見」同根,此詞源在義理上有呼應:不正見非「眼盲」,而是「固執凝視於片段,誤作全體」,恰如龍之鋭目。Pāli diṭṭhi 為 dṛṣṭi 之規則語音演變(dr- → d- 輔音叢化簡)。百法以「不正見」(kudṛṣṭi)一名統攝 Asg 所列五條獨立 kleśa 條目——此五合為一之 taxonomic 決定本身即唯識義理判攝,非 Asg 文本事實。「惡見」之「惡」字偏向「邪惡 / 不善」,「不正見」更精確表達「見地之偏斜」。
Asg 以五條獨立 kleśa 條目列此法(薩迦耶見 / 邊執見 / 邪見 / 見取 / 戒禁取),各設 svabhāva 子句與 karman 子句(逐條詳 #35 §梵)。唯識以「染慧」(kleśa-saṃprayuktā prajñā)之失常態為體——五見共用一個慧心所,一念中只能一見現行(《成論》「非一心中有多慧故」)。此使 #35 不正見與 #18 慧(prajñā,→#18 正慧)成同一心所(cetasika)在清淨 / 染污兩極之倒立對偶——「染慧 ↔ 正慧」。薩迦耶見(satkāyadṛṣṭi)為一切見之所依根(sarva-dṛṣṭi-gata-sanniśrayadāna);邪見(mithyādṛṣṭi)為五見中唯一能斷善根(kuśalamūla-samuccheda)者,且 Asg 唯給予三重 karman 子句。五見有俱生 / 分別之分:身見 / 邊見通俱生(禽獸亦有),邪見 / 見取 / 戒禁取為唯分別起(見道即斷)。其下開五(薩迦耶見 / 邊執見 / 邪見 / 見取 / 戒禁取)。
五見之 Pāli 對應全部直接 attested(語音對應規則):sakkāya-diṭṭhi(十結之首,須陀洹斷)/ antaggāhikā-diṭṭhi(DN 1 常 / 斷見大類)/ micchā-diṭṭhi(八正道之反)/ diṭṭhi-parāmāsa / sīlabbata-parāmāsa(十結第三,須陀洹斷)。南傳論藏立 diṭṭhi 為 lobha-group 心所(非癡之顯現),僅與 4 diṭṭhigata-sampayutta 貪根心相應——此與唯識「染慧為體」說之心所判攝不同(詳 #35 §巴)。Vism XIV.164 四相:相 ayoniso abhinivesa(不如理執取)、業 parāmasana(顛倒誤握)、現 micchābhinivesa(邪確信)、足處 ariyānaṃ adassanakāmatā(不欲見聖者)。Vism 足處「不欲見聖者」揭示邪見之心理-社會維度:邪見主動迴避能糾正它的源頭,與 Asg「斷善根」之業式為同一道理之兩面。DN 1《梵網經》六十二見為佛陀對一切外道見之詳盡批判,最終判定一切見皆下游於受(vedanā-paccayā taṇhā-paccayā upādāna-paccayā diṭṭhi)——邪見之根非純粹之思辨偏差,而是被愛欲推動之錯誤之見,與 Asg 立薩迦耶見為一切見之根收斂。
邪見(kudṛṣṭi)與 #34 疑之根本差異:疑是「不知道要走哪條路」(uncommitted),邪見是「確信走在一條路上,但那條路是錯的」(committed in wrong direction)——Vism kummagga(邪道)比喻精準:執謬路為通村之徑,雖走而不至。此結構差異決定對治路徑不同:疑以「如理作意 + 見道」解;邪見需先「撼動確信」,再以正見替換——楞嚴行陰十魔段描繪此現象:禪修特殊體驗被固化為邪確信,即 Asg 五階(kṣānti → ruci → mati → prekṣā → dṛṣṭi,「接受 → 喜歡 → 思考 → 觀察 → 固化為見」)之完整展現。見道所斷(分別起三見 + 疑共四法),觀生滅漸除之俱生身見 / 邊見至修道方盡。與 #18 慧(→#18)為「染慧 ↔ 正慧」之倒立鏡像——同一心所,清淨 modal 狀態為般若,染污 modal 狀態為不正見。
玄奘以「不正見」統攝梵本五條——「不正」二字精準表達「見地之偏斜」而非「完全缺見」,符合 dṛṣṭi 之「固執看見」語義(非 absence of vision)。英譯 Wrong views(複數)承「五種」之複數結構,為南北傳英譯學術共識;單數 wrong view 亦可用於泛指此一 cetasika。Misconception 偏認知偏差(過輕),false view 可作次選(emphasizes falsity, less on structure of fixed-seeing)。cluster 內觀察:#35 不正見為六根本煩惱之末條——Asg 以五條獨立 kleśa 呈現,唯識以一 cetasika 之五 modal 狀態收攝,此 taxonomic 裂縫本身即兩系架構差異之 entry point;與 #18 慧(→#18)之「染慧 ↔ 正慧」倒立鏡像結構,為深層義理對偶。
不正見 —— 根本煩惱六之第六。於諸諦理,顛倒推度,染慧為性,招苦為業。其下開五(薩迦耶見 / 邊執見 / 邪見 / 見取 / 戒禁取);與 #18 慧(→#18)為「染慧 ↔ 正慧」之倒立鏡像。
英綜述en-synthesis
Sanskrit dṛṣṭi derives from √dṛś "to see" + abstract noun suffix -ti, reflecting PIE *derḱ- "to see." The Wiktionary reconstruction is confirmed. The cognate set: Greek dérkomai "I gaze," Greek drákōn "dragon" (literally "the sharp-eyed one," from PIE *dérḱ-mn̥) → Latin dracō → English dragon; Avestan darəs- "to see"; Old Irish derc "eye." English dragon and Sanskrit dṛṣṭi share the same PIE root — the sharp-eyed serpent and the sharp cognitive act of seeing. The doctrinal payoff: wrong-view is not the absence of sight but fixed-seeing — the dragon-eye that locks onto a fragment and treats it as the whole. The English terms for systematic belief all invoke visual metaphor similarly: theory from Greek theōria "contemplation, viewing"; speculation from Latin speculārī "to look at, observe." Pāli diṭṭhi is the regular phonological reflex of dṛṣṭi (cluster reduction dr- → d-).
Dṛṣṭi is the sixth and final root affliction — and the structurally most complex, because Asaṅga's Abhidharma-samuccaya lists it as five separate kleśa entries while Yogācāra's baifa taxonomy collapses them into one category (kudṛṣṭi, wrong-view) with five sub-types. This taxonomic decision has doctrinal consequences: the Cheng Weishi Lun's claim that the five views share a single cetasika (the "defiled-wisdom" kleśa-saṃprayuktā prajñā) and therefore cannot co-arise in a single moment is an architectural innovation of the Cheng Weishi Lun, not a direct claim of Asaṅga's Sanskrit text. The five sub-types form a structural system:
- Satkāyadṛṣṭi (薩迦耶見, personality-view, view-of-self) — the root of all views; its karman is to provide the support-ground for all other wrong-views.
- Antagrāhadṛṣṭi (邊執見, extremism-view) — takes the self-view and extrapolates it into eternity (eternalism) or annihilation (annihilationism).
- Mithyādṛṣṭi (邪見, false-view) — denies causation, consequences, intentional action, or real states of affairs; the only one of the five capable of cutting wholesome roots (kuśalamūla-samuccheda).
- Dṛṣṭiparāmarśa (見取, clinging-to-views) — takes one's own views (and the aggregates that support them) and regards them as supremely excellent, superior, ultimate.
- Śīlavrataparāmarśa (戒禁取, rule-and-ritual clinging) — takes specific ethical or ascetic practices and regards them as, in themselves, sufficient for liberation.
The five form a developmental logic: self-view generates permanence/annihilation extrapolations; from these, causation-denial becomes available; from causation-denial, one's own system can seem supreme; and from there, its specific practices can seem self-sufficient. The satkāyadṛṣṭi is root; the mithyādṛṣṭi is the most dangerous (capable of cutting wholesome roots); śīlavrataparāmarśa is the subtlest (involves actually having a practice, but grasping the practice itself as sufficient). Asaṅga's unique contribution is the five-stage analysis of how satkāyadṛṣṭi crystallizes: acceptance (kṣānti) → liking (ruci) → discursive thought (mati) → observation (prekṣā) → fixed view (dṛṣṭi). This is the phenomenology of how a misapprehension becomes a committed position.
All five Sanskrit dṛṣṭi types have direct Pāli canonical equivalents, with morphologically regular sound changes across Sanskrit and Pāli. Three of the five (sakkāya-diṭṭhi, sīlabbata-parāmāsa, and by implication micchā-diṭṭhi via right-view attainment) are among the three fetters (saṃyojana) that are specifically eradicated at stream-entry (sotāpatti). The Theravāda Abhidhamma places diṭṭhi as a lobha-group cetasika — arising only with the four lobha-mūla cittas that are accompanied by wrong view (diṭṭhigata-sampayutta). This is the genuine North-South structural divergence: Yogācāra treats the five views as the "defiled-wisdom" cetasika (kleśa-saṃprayuktā prajñā) in five modal states; Theravāda treats diṭṭhi as an independent cetasika in the lobha-group, not as a mode of the paññā cetasika. The DN 1 Brahmajāla Sutta's 62-view taxonomy is structurally mirrored by the 楞嚴 行陰十魔 (ten skandha-māras of the saṃskāra-skandha phase), establishing a two-thousand-year doctrinal continuity in the systematic critique of wrong-view from early Buddhism through Chinese Mahāyāna.
The Visuddhimagga's proximate cause for wrong-view — ariyānaṃ adassanakāmatā ("unwillingness to see noble ones") — is a social and psychological observation: wrong-view maintains itself by avoiding the very encounters that would challenge it. The kummagga (false road) image captures the structural danger: unlike doubt (#34), wrong-view is a committed cognitive act in a false direction. The meditator who is merely in doubt can be helped by any correct information; the meditator who is in wrong-view is already committed to a direction and must first be disoriented before reorientation can occur. The 楞嚴 行陰十魔 section makes this phenomenologically concrete: each of the ten wrong-views arises from a meditative experience that is genuine but misinterpreted — the practitioner sees something real (an experience of expanded awareness, of what seems like permanence, of what seems like the absence of self) and takes the wrong taxonomic step, crystallizing the experience into a fixed position. This is the five-stage crystallization process that Asaṅga's five-term formula (kṣānti / ruci / mati / prekṣā / dṛṣṭi) describes at the psychological root.
Wrong views — five species of the defiled-seeing of reality: the view of self, the view of extremes, false view, clinging to views, and clinging to rules and rituals. Each arises in dependence on one or more of the five appropriated aggregates.
Satkāyadṛṣṭi (view of self) — the accepting, liking, thinking, observing, and fixing of a view that takes the five appropriated aggregates as self or as belonging to self: this is its nature. To provide the support-ground for all wrong-views: this is its function.
Mithyādṛṣṭi (false view) — denying cause, consequence, intentional action, or real states of affairs through wrong conceptualization: its function is to sever wholesome roots, to harden unwholesome roots, to promote unwholesome action, and to prevent wholesome action.
譯translator's note
譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P10。不正見(dṛṣṭi / kudṛṣṭi)為六根本煩惱中篇幅最大、結構最複雜者——Asg 以五條獨立 kleśa 條目呈現,唯識以「一條目五 modal states(染慧為體)」收攝,此 taxonomic 決定本身即為理解兩系差異之 entry point。⭐ 染慧為體 對 貪根伴隨心所:唯識(成論)以「染慧 modal 狀態」解釋五見之共現 exclusivity(一念一見);南傳以「lobha-組獨立心所」解釋;兩說皆自洽,差異在心所(cetasika)架構之架構承諾。⭐⭐ DN 1 ↔ 楞嚴行陰十魔之直線:古老邪見批判教學(DN 1 之六十二見)與漢傳大乘禪修偏差教學(楞嚴行陰十魔)之逐項結構對應,是「佛教核心批判教學之兩千年穩定性」之最具說服力之證明。(→#18 慧、→#34 疑)