眠(睡眠)Sleep
四不定之第二(百法 #57)。令身不自在,昧、略為性,障觀為業。
漢zh · Xuanzang 譯
四不定之第二(百法 #57)。令身不自在,昧、略為性,障觀為業。
百法分背景(→§4.6 於導論):南傳之 thīna-middha(惛眠蓋)為一雙法,唯識將之分為二獨立心所——thīna = #51 惛沉(隨煩惱,唯不善),middha = #57 眠(四不定,通三性)。Split 之動力在道德判攝之精細化:惛沉之「心退縮、障功德辦事」業相恆為不善,眠之「身蔽縮」則因時節(如理休息為精進資具)而通三性。此分為百法 vs 南傳 mapping 之最顯著結構差異之一——讀本條須合 #51 惛沉(→#51)看方為完整圖像,亦須合 #56 悔(→#56)看,後者為平行之 uddhacca-kukkucca 分之另一半。
經
[共傳] 《雜阿含經》卷二十四(經 611)——五蓋之第三「睡眠蓋」(thīna-middha-nīvaraṇa):
五蓋……謂貪欲蓋、瞋恚蓋、睡眠蓋、掉悔蓋、疑蓋。
《雜阿含經》卷二十七(經 715)——睡眠蓋之五食:
睡眠蓋以五法為食:微弱、不樂、欠呿、多食、懈怠。
《長部》DN 22(Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta)法念處·五蓋章,完整 pajānāti 公式:
Santaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ thīna-middhaṃ "atthi me ajjhattaṃ thīna-middhan"ti pajānāti; asantaṃ vā ajjhattaṃ thīna-middhaṃ "natthi me ajjhattaṃ thīna-middhan"ti pajānāti.
內有惛眠時,了知「我內有惛眠」;內無惛眠時,了知「我內無惛眠」。
此為 triple Nikāya + 食公式共傳:DN 22 + MN 10 + SN 46.x(SN 46.55 Saṅgārava Sutta 以「水覆藻類」喻 thīna-middha 覆心之相)+ SN 46.51 / 雜阿含 715 五食公式——南北傳五食逐字對應。
[大乘] 《解深密經》卷三(CBETA T16n0676_003):
惛沈、睡眠、疑,是毘鉢舍那障。
——解深密將惛沈(#51 styāna)與睡眠(#57 middha)仍並列為觀障,反映大乘 sūtra 層對南傳 thīna-middha 雙法之繼承;百法心所列才正式分,此為分「上層仍合、下層分」之義理層次圖。
論
《成唯識論》卷七(T31n1585):
睡眠謂令身不自在,昧、略為性,障觀為業。
惡作、睡眠唯欲界有……餘界地法皆妙靜故。
睡眠、尋、伺十煩惱俱。
不定謂悔、眠、尋、伺,二各二。
按:「昧、略」雙字精準對應 Asg cetaso 'bhisaṃkṣepa(心向內收縮)之雙重 morpheme:saṃkṣepa(收縮)→ 不能廣照 = 昧,abhi-(向內)→ 唯一門轉 = 略。Asg 之 karma 子句「事業闕廢」(kṛtya-vipatti-sanniśrayadāna),成唯識轉為「障觀」——此非逐字而是從《解深密》「睡眠是毘鉢舍那障」立場之大乘 reframe,兩層不混。
梵saṃskṛta
middha 之印歐詞源不甚確定(⚠️ Indo-Aryan internal at best)。可能 ← Skt √mid- / √midh-「肥、飽、滴」(related to medas 脂肪 via 印歐祖語 *meyd-「fat, sticky」),引申語義鏈「飽足 → 沉重 → 懈怠」;亦可能 ← non-Aryan / Dravidian 借入(miti- 等候選詞彙皆不確)。Lubotsky / Mayrhofer 皆未斷此詞源。無確切拉丁 / 希臘 / 日耳曼同源詞。導論(§4.13)明確標出 middha 為全書印歐祖語鏈條最不確定之條目之一——誠實保留此不確定性。Pāli middha 直承同形,無詞形差異。
《阿毘達磨集論》(阿毘達磨-samuccaya,Pradhan 校本,四不定首條):
middhaṃ katamat / middha-nimittam āgamya moha-aṃśikaḥ cetaso 'bhisaṃkṣepaḥ / kuśalaḥ akuśalaḥ avyākṛtaḥ kāle vā akāle vā yukto vā ayukto vā / kṛtya-vipatti-sanniśrayadāna-karmakam //
何為眠?依眠相(middha-nimitta),癡分位(moha-aṃśika)之心之昧略(cetaso 'bhisaṃkṣepa)為性。通三性(kuśala / akuśala / avyākṛta)、通時非時、應理非理(即 aniyata)。為事業闕廢(kṛtya-vipatti-sanniśrayadāna)之所依為業。
| 梵文 (Asg) | 成唯識論(玄奘) |
|---|---|
| cetaso 'bhisaṃkṣepa(心之昧略 / 蔽縮) | 昧、略(逐字 — abhisaṃkṣepa = 昧+略合譯) |
| middha-nimitta | 令身不自在之觸發條件 |
| kṛtya-vipatti-sanniśrayadāna | 障觀為業(大乘 reframe,非逐字) |
| moha-aṃśika | 與無明相應(通三性之基底) |
按:middha* 與 kaukṛtya(→#56)同為 moha-aṃśika、同通三性、同唯欲界——「悔、眠」為四不定中之「欲界雙法」。兩法之瑜伽行派判攝邏輯平行:皆以「moha 之分位態」立通三性,皆與 Asg karmakau 之假有判攝(→#58 尋;→#59 伺)形成「欲界雙法 vs 欲界 + 初禪雙法」之 internal 分。*
巴pāḷi
南傳論藏(論藏)將 thīna 與 middha 並列為 always-together 之 akusala 心所(cetasika) 雙法,合稱 thīna-middha(惛眠),為五蓋之第三。三層 mismatch 為百法 vs 南傳 mapping 之最顯著差異點之一(詳下)。
經
五食公式(SN 46.51 Āhāra Sutta 對應漢譯雜阿含 715):
| 漢譯雜阿含 715 | Pāli SN 46.51 |
|---|---|
| 微弱 | arati(不樂) |
| 不樂 | tandi(懶散) |
| 欠呿 | vijambhitā(打哈欠) |
| 多食 | bhattasammada(食後昏沉) |
| 懈怠 | cetaso līnattaṃ(心退縮) |
南北傳五食逐字對應——此為 thīna-middha 之 quadruple 共傳(DN 22 + MN 10 + SN 46.x + 雜阿含 715 / SN 46.51 食公式)。
論(Vism XIV.167)
南傳將 thīna 與 middha 分立四相(provisional via Ñāṇamoli BPS / Aṭṭhasālinī):
Thīna(惛沉,= 百法 #51 styāna):
| 四相 | Pāli | 漢譯 |
|---|---|---|
| 相(lakkhaṇa) | anussāhanā | 缺驅動力 |
| 業(rasa) | vīriya-vinodana | 散失精進 |
| 現(paccupaṭṭhāna) | saṃsīdana | 沉沒 |
Middha(睡眠,= 本條 #57):
| 四相 | Pāli | 漢譯 |
|---|---|---|
| 相(lakkhaṇa) | akammaññatā | 不堪任 |
| 業(rasa) | onāha / pacchādana | 覆蓋 |
| 現(paccupaṭṭhāna) | līnatā / pacalāyikā-niddā | 懈、打瞌睡與睡眠 |
共同足處(padaṭṭhāna):arati-tandi-vijambhitādīsu ayoniso-manasikāra——對不樂、懶散、打哈欠等之不如理作意(直接連結 SN 46.51 五食)。
三層 mismatch(system-層部派古異):
| 南傳 | 北傳瑜伽行派 | |
|---|---|---|
| 範疇 | akusala 心所(cetasika)(不善心所) | aniyata(不定,本條) |
| 性類 | 唯不善(與 dosa / moha 根心相應) | 通三性(善 / 惡 / 無記) |
| 善眠地位 | 不立(唯不善) | 立(適度休息為精進資具) |
| thīna 與 middha 關係 | always-together 雙法 | 拆為兩範疇(#51 隨煩惱 + #57 不定) |
現象描述同步:南傳 middha lakkhaṇa akammaññatā(不堪任)≈ Asg cetaso 'bhisaṃkṣepa(心收縮)≈ 成唯識「昧、略」——三層皆指「心不能堪行」狀態。分歧只在三性判攝與雙法切割,不在現象描述。
按:南傳 middha 之四相——lakkhaṇa akammaññatā(不堪任)+ rasa onāha(覆蓋)+ paccupaṭṭhāna pacalāyikā-niddā(打瞌睡與睡眠)——精確描述身心逐層收縮之現象序列,與 Asg「middha-nimitta → abhisaṃkṣepa」之因果鏈(眠相 → 心收縮)在現象層高度吻合。南北傳之分岐在 thīna 是否拆出、middha 是否僅不善——非在 middha 之現象描述本身。
漢綜述zh-synthesis
「眠(睡眠)」之梵文 middha 詞源不確定(⚠️ 印歐祖語鏈條 pattern-break)。可能 ← Skt √mid- / √midh-「肥、飽、滴」(關聯 medas 脂肪,via 印歐祖語 *meyd-「fat, sticky」),語義鏈「飽足 → 沉重 → 懈怠」;亦可能 ← 非雅利安語系借入。Lubotsky / Mayrhofer 皆未斷此詞源,無確切拉丁 / 希臘 / 日耳曼同源詞——印歐祖語鏈條無法確認,如實保留此不確定性,不入印歐祖語重構。Pāli middha 直承同形。漢字「眠」從目、民聲,本義閉目入睡,直指身不自在之身體表現;玄奘以「睡眠」雙名兼揭身(令身不自在)與心(昧略)兩面。
Asg(Abhidharma-samuccaya,四不定首條)定義:依眠相(middha-nimitta),癡分位(moha-aṃśika)之心之昧略(cetaso 'bhisaṃkṣepa)為性,為事業闕廢(kṛtya-vipatti-sanniśrayadāna)之所依為業。眠屬不定(aniyata)之第二(→#56 義理段),其通三性之機制與 →#56 悔 同架構:皆以 moha-aṃśika(癡分位)立通三性,善眠為如理休息之精進資具,惡眠為障道昏沉,無記眠為自然生理狀態。CWS 卷七「昧、略」雙字精準對應 abhisaṃkṣepa 之雙重構詞:saṃkṣepa(收縮)→ 心闇不能廣照 = 昧;abhi-(向內)→ 唯一門轉 = 略;「令身不自在」對應 middha-nimitta(眠相)之觸發條件。界地判:「惡作、睡眠唯欲界有」(CWS 卷七)——與 →#56 悔 同列欲界雙法。
與 →#51 惛沉(styāna)為 thīna-middha split 之兩端(詳 →#56 南北段)。南傳論藏以「水覆藻類」喻 thīna-middha(SN 46.55 Saṅgārava Sutta)——此蓋水如藻覆,心之深底不可見。Vism XIV.167 middha 四相(provisional):相 akammaññatā(不堪任)/ 業 onāha(覆蓋)/ 現 pacalāyikā-niddā(打瞌睡與睡眠)/ 足處 arati-tandi-vijambhitādīsu ayoniso-manasikāra(對不樂、懶散、打哈欠等之不如理作意)。南傳「不堪任」≈ Asg「心之昧略」——現象描述同步;分歧在三性判攝(南傳唯不善,北傳通三性)。五食共傳(SN 46.51 / 雜阿含 715):微弱 / 不樂 / 欠呿 / 多食 / 懈怠——南北傳逐字對應,为 thīna-middha 之持續緣起之 canonical 圖像。
眠之業式(kṛtya-vipatti,事業闕廢)於大乘 reframe 為「障觀」——《解深密經》卷三「惛沈、睡眠、疑,是毘鉢舍那障」,指向毗鉢舍那(止觀)中昏沉障礙之具體面向。惡眠障觀之對治:不如理作意(ayoniso-manasikāra)為其足處,故如理作意(yoniso-manasikāra)及適度調整飲食、睡眠節律,為其直接對治;→#17 定(samādhi)以心住安止為業,眠以昧略昏沉為性,兩者形成修行中之直接張力——定功成則眠障自退。善眠之面向:如理睡眠以恢復精進,為不定(aniyata)之通三性在修持層之實用落腳。
玄奘譯「睡眠」取廣義,兼涵身(令身不自在)與心(昧略)兩面;單用「眠」則取果名。英譯選 Sleep 取唯識立場——middha 含「身不自在」之身體性休止,Sleep 能涵涵蓋全幅(善眠 / 惡眠 / 無記眠);Bhikkhu Bodhi 取 torpor(昏沉)偏南傳唯不善立場,與 thīna 合譯,適合五蓋語境而非不定語境。本條於不定四之 cluster 位置詳 →#56 paradigm。
眠 —— 不定第二。令身不自在,昧略為性,障觀為業。依眠相起,癡分位之心之昧略,通三性,唯欲界有。與 #51 惛沉(→#51)為 thīna-middha split 之兩端(詳 →#56)。
英綜述en-synthesis
Sanskrit middha stands apart from most cetasika terms in this collection: its PIE genealogy is genuinely uncertain. Lubotsky and Mayrhofer offer two candidate chains — either from Skt √mid- / √midh- ("to be fat, drip, be saturated") via a semantic path "satiation → heaviness → torpor," connecting to medas ("fat," via PIE *meyd- "fat, sticky"); or from a non-Aryan, possibly Dravidian, substrate borrowing. Neither path is confirmed. There is no clean Latin, Greek, or Germanic cognate. The Pāli form middha is identical to the Sanskrit and does not clarify the genealogy. This entry treats the PIE question as unresolved and declines to propose a chain.
Middha occupies the second slot among the four aniyata cetasikas (#56–#59). Asaṅga's definition — moha-aṃśikaḥ cetaso 'bhisaṃkṣepaḥ, "a partial mode of delusion that constitutes a contraction of the mind" — establishes its structure: middha is not a root mental factor in its own right but a modal state of delusion, and its occurrence is indeterminate as to moral valence. The Vijñaptimātratā-siddhi renders this as 「昧、略為性」: 昧 (darkening, not-illuminating) maps to saṃkṣepa (contraction, inability to illuminate broadly); 略 (narrowed, reduced to one channel) maps to abhi- (the inward-directed prefix, indicating narrowing to a single mode of functioning). The trigger condition — 「令身不自在」, "making the body unamenable" — corresponds to middha-nimitta in Asaṅga: the sign or characteristic that precipitates the contraction. The karma (kṛtya-vipatti, "failure of function"), in the Yogācāra reframe via the Saṃdhinirmocana, becomes "obstruction of vipaśyanā" (毘鉢舍那障), making middha a specifically meditative obstacle.
The most structurally significant divergence on middha is not the wholesome/unwholesome classification but the split itself. Theravāda treats thīna-middha as a unitary pair — two mental factors that co-arise and are counted as one hindrance (nīvaraṇa). Yogācāra splits them: thīna → #51 惛沉 (styāna, a secondary defilement, always unwholesome); middha → #57 眠 (middha, an indeterminate, variable in moral valence). This split parallels exactly the uddhacca-kukkucca split into #52 掉舉 (auddhatya) and #56 悔 (kaukṛtya): in both cases, one member of the Pāli pair is classified as inherently obstructive (hence upakleśa), while the other is classified as variable (hence aniyata). The taxonomic logic is: styāna and auddhatya are structurally incompatible with any wholesome mental event; middha and kaukṛtya can arise within wholesome mental contexts. The Saṃdhinirmocana still lists 「惛沈、睡眠」together as vipaśyanā obstacles — the Mahāyāna sūtra layer preserves the pre-split formulation; only the Yogācāra abhidharma layer formalizes the split.
The Pāli five-food formula (āhāra) for thīna-middha names the conditions that sustain this hindrance: arati (boredom), tandi (sluggishness), vijambhitā (yawning), bhattasammada (post-meal dullness), cetaso līnattaṃ (sinking of the mind). These map onto easily recognizable meditation experiences: the moment after a full meal when the cushion becomes suddenly very comfortable; the late-afternoon sitting when the room is warm and the eyelids are heavy; the low-energy period in a retreat where the practice feels laborious and unattractive. Buddhaghosa's simile from Saṅgārava Sutta (SN 46.55) — pond water covered with algae, through which the bottom cannot be seen — captures middha's specific quality: the mind is not agitated (that would be uddhacca) but opaque, unable to see its own depths. The Yogācāra contribution is the recognition that appropriate rest — sleep taken in right measure, at right times, with right intention — can be a kuśala instance of the same mental factor, a resource for restoring the vigor that fuels subsequent practice.
Sleep (middha) — making the body unamenable to engagement, with mental darkening (昧) and narrowed scope (略) as its nature, and obstruction of clear seeing as its function. Sleep is variable: it arises in wholesome moments (as restorative rest that enables subsequent effort), in unwholesome moments (as the torpor that abandons practice), or in neither. It occurs only within the desire realm. Its substrate is delusion — it is not a root factor in its own right, but a modal state in which the mind contracts inward under the sign of sleep.
譯translator's note
譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P17。本條(#57 眠)↔ #51 惛沉為南傳 thīna-middha 雙法之瑜伽行派分兩半,此分與 #56 悔(→#56)↔ #52 掉舉(→#52)之平行分共同呈現百法將南傳雙法精細化為「恆不善 + 通三性」兩層之 system-design 邏輯——其印歐祖語詞源不確定性(無確切同源鏈)則為全書 51 心所中最坦誠之詞源案例。