No. 81
心不相應行法 · 不相應行二十四 · 第十一 · dissociated formations · dissociated formations #11/24

Arising

Jāti · (無南傳獨立對應)

不相應行第十一。四相(生老住無常)之首。於眾同分中諸行之「本無今有」分位,假立「生」之名——其體非實,乃色心分位之施設,所依同 #71 得之 universal 框架(→#71)。四相以「相續」(*prabandha*)為結構軸,本條 #81 為相續之啟動;#82 老 為相續之變異;#83 住 為相續之不壞;#84 無常 為相續之壞滅——四相互為表裡,缺一不足以描述有為法之全貌(→#82 →#83 →#84)。

zh · Xuanzang 譯

不相應行第十一。四相(生老住無常)之首。於眾同分中諸行之「本無今有」分位,假立「生」之名——其體非實,乃色心分位之施設,所依同 #71 得之普框架(→#71)。四相以「相續」(prabandha)為結構軸,本條 #81 為相續之啟動;#82 老為相續之變異;#83 住為相續之不壞;#84 無常為相續之壞滅——四相互為表裡,缺一不足以描述有為法之全貌(→#82 →#83 →#84)。

不相應行為論藏所立之分析範疇,於阿含、尼柯耶不作獨立法目;「生」之現象學散見諸共傳教證,然此類用法為描述性語言,非獨立本體法立。論藏將此現象學結構化為不相應行之分位假立,乃阿毘達磨時期始見;《阿毘達磨集論》收入「心不相應行」總綱,重判為 prajñapti。本條為普通 prajñapti,無 [共傳]/[大乘] 標準分判框架(依 #71 範例,→#71 漢段經已詳普通 prajñapti 之現象學-tracing opener 原則)。

《顯揚聖教論》卷一(T31n1602, T31.0484b15–16,無著菩薩造):

生者,謂諸行自相發起性。

——「自相發起性」為顯揚對 abhūtvā bhāve(未有→有)之精煉漢譯:相續之首次自相生起之性質。

《成唯識論》卷二(T31n1585, T31.0005c21–T31.0006a18,四相詞族組批判):

然有為法,因緣力故,本無今有,暫有還無,表異無為,假立四相。本無今有,有位名生;生位暫停,即說為住;住別前後,復立異名;暫有還無,無時名滅。

——《成唯識論》以「本無今有,有位名生」仿譯《集論》 abhūtvā bhāve jātir iti prajñaptiḥ,並以「生位暫停」為住(→#83)、「住別前後」為老(→#82,《成唯識論》用「異」)、「暫有還無」為滅(→#84,《成唯識論》用「滅」而非「無常」)——四相整體作為假立框架,表異於無為法之「無生住異滅」。《成唯識論》卷一(T31.0006b13–14)則總括後十法:「執別有餘不相應行,准前理趣皆應遮止。」

《大乘阿毘達磨雜集論》卷二:

生者,謂於眾同分諸行本無今有性,假立為生。

當知此中依相續位建立生等,不依剎那。

⚠ In Review · 俟終校:上引雜集論(T31n1606)卷二兩處引文待 CBETA 字元核校。

按:四相之假立本體地位由《成唯識論》卷二「假立四相」一語確立,《成唯識論》卷一則以普框架「准前理趣皆應遮止」予以總括(→#71 三種成就框架同理)。本條 #81 居四相之首,其「本無今有」所指非剎那之突生,乃諸行於眾同分(nikāyasabhāga,→#73)中「從無此分位至有此分位」之相續開端——依相續位(雜集論)建立,非剎那屬性。

saṃskṛta

jāti < √jan(生、產生)+ -ti(行為名詞後綴)。印歐祖語 *ǵenh₁-(「生、產生」)。同源詞群:拉丁 gēns / genus / nāscī(衍生英文 gene, generation, genus, gender, generic, native, nature);希臘 génos。⭐ jāti 與英文 gene / generation / genus / nature 同根——印歐語系「生」之最廣分布詞幹之一。#74 異生性 pṛthag-janah 亦同此 √jan 根(→#74),「衆生」之「生」於梵語中貫通「個別衆生之生」與「一切有為法之生起」兩層。

《阿毘達磨集論》(無著,Pradhan 校本,Abhidh-s 10–11):

jātiḥ katamā / nikāyasabhāge saṃskārāṇām abhūtvā bhāve jātir iti prajñaptiḥ //

何為生?於眾同分中諸行nikāyasabhāge saṃskārāṇāṃ)之未有而後有abhūtvā bhāve),稱為「生」之假立。

四相(#81–#84)共享前綴「nikāyasabhāge saṃskārāṇāṃ」——皆錨定於 #73 眾同分之框架下(→#73),以 nikāyasabhāga(同一趣聚中之有情)作為分位之 container。結構軸為「相續」(prabandha):

  • #81 生:abhūtvā bhāve(相續啟動)
  • #82 老:prabandhānyathātve(相續變異,→#82
  • #83 住:prabandha-avipraṇāśe(相續不壞,→#83
  • #84 無常:prabandhavināśe(相續壞滅,→#84

四式終皆以「iti prajñaptiḥ //」作結——《集論》之 prajñapti-義理位置宣告:「X 乃〔以上所述分位〕之假立」。此格式之精簡本身即為義理立場:不相應行無「自體+業用」雙結構(→#71 梵段《集論》格式說明),勿予假立法以實有之描述。

按:《集論》之「nikāyasabhāge saṃskārāṇāṃ」前綴將四相定位於「眾同分(→#73)中諸行」而非純粹剎那意識流——有情之業報相續(prabandha)才是四相展開之 arena。#81 abhūtvā bhāve 之最精確漢譯為《成唯識論》「本無今有,有位名生」,而非一般「生起」——強調此前分位之「無」與此後分位之「有」之對比性轉換。

pāḷi

南傳阿毘達磨不立「生」為心不相應行之獨立 prajñapti。南傳之 jāti(生)在各自系統中有兩種位置:其一為十二緣起之第十一支(jāti-paccayā jarā-maraṇaṃ,生緣老死),共傳脈絡中指有情之投生;其二為諸行之 khaṇika-lakkhaṇa(剎那特徵)——Vism XX.66 之 jāti-ñāṇa(生智)將「有為法之生起」界定為 paṭhamābhinibbatti(初次顯現),此乃南傳討論「生」的框架。

⭐ 關鍵架構差異:南傳將 jāti 作為有為法之固有性相(khaṇika-lakkhaṇa)處理,不從諸行分位中抽離為獨立 prajñapti 別立名目;瑜伽行派則接受 Sarvāstivāda 的四相架構,但將「生」重判為分位假立(prajñapti-mātra)——同名、同指涉之現象,異架構、異本體地位。

另注:十二緣起之「生支」(jāti)與四相之「生」(jāti)雖同字,指涉層級不同:前者特指有情之投生(sentient being's birth),後者為一切有為法(saṃskāra)之生起性相,包括物質、心識、心所等一切分位之「本無今有」。勿以緣起支之「生」混淆四相之「生」。

按:南傳四相(uppāda / ṭhiti / bhaṅga* 三相,或偶見四相框架)通常以「剎那子相」(khaṇika-lakkhaṇa)方式處理,而非獨立法目;北傳(Sarvāstivāda → 瑜伽行派)則另立為獨立不相應行法。此分歧為不相應行 24 法中南北架構差異之一般形態——南傳將同類事相攝入更基本之框架,而非另立獨立位(→#71 巴段已詳總綱)。*

漢綜述zh-synthesis

詞源

「生」之梵文 jāti < √jan(出生、生成)+ -ti(行為名詞後綴)。印歐祖語 *ǵenh₁-(「生、生育」),印歐語系保存穩固之詞根之一:拉丁 gēns / genus / nāscī(英文 gene, generation, genus, gender, native, nature)、希臘 génos(英文 genesis)。⭐ 詞族內部聯繫:#74 異生性(pṛthag-jana-tva→#74)與 #81 生(jāti)同根 √jan——「法之生起」(#81)與「人之生而為凡夫」(#74)以同一語根貫通,揭示不相應行詞族之語根深層聯繫。十二緣起之「生支」(jāti,有情之投生)與四相之「生」(jāti,一切有為法之「本無今有」)雖同字,指涉層級不同:四相之生適用於一切有為法之生起,非限有情投生。

義理

生為 24 不相應行之第十一,四相(生老住無常)之首。《集論》定義(nikāyasabhāge saṃskārāṇām abhūtvā bhāve jātir iti prajñaptiḥ)揭示三層:(1)分位容器:「眾同分中」(nikāyasabhāge→#73)——四相共享此前綴,錨定於有情類聚框架之下;(2)假立核心:「本無今有」(abhūtvā bhāve)——相續之啟動,非剎那突生,乃「從無此分位至有此分位」之相續開端;(3)prajñaptiḥ 封閉——假立地位宣告,無 karman 子句。雜集論明注:「依相續位建立生等,不依剎那」——四相為過程階段性假立,非剎那點性屬性;此區別唯識之 sthiti(相續分位)與南傳之 cittakkhaṇa 三子相(剎那層次)。《成唯識論》卷二「本無今有,有位名生」為精煉之仿譯(→abhūtvā bhāve);卷一「准前理趣皆應遮止」則以總括框架(→#71)統入 24 條普假立。四相結構軸「相續」(prabandha):#81 生 = 相續啟動(abhūtvā bhāve);#82 老 = 相續變異(→#82);#83 住 = 相續不壞(→#83);#84 無常 = 相續壞滅(→#84)。

南北

南傳不立「生」為心不相應行之獨立 prajñapti,而以 khaṇika-lakkhaṇa(剎那特徵,Vism XX.66 paṭhamābhinibbatti)處理有為法之生起——「生」為有為法之固有性相,不從諸行分位中抽離為獨立法目。三家三路:有部立 jātidravya-sat(實有生起因),唯識重判為 prajñapti(相續分位假立),南傳以 khaṇika-lakkhaṇa 不設獨立位——同名、同指涉現象,三種架構判攝。

修持

「生」之修行涵義:觀察生起,是觀察相續之邊際——此前是「無此分位」,此刻是「有此分位」。此邊際本身為假立:無一實有之「生起之物」發動;有的只是分位之轉換,名之「生」。行者不必尋找「生起」本身,只需注意那個邊際——此注意本身亦是一「生」,而後亦是一「老」,而後亦是一「滅」。不相應行之假立性在觀察中自行鬆動。

譯名

「生」玄奘既譯,簡潔。英譯 Arising 對應 jāti 之「本無今有」之動態義;不取 birth(偏限有情),不取 arising-factor(誤示實有),取 Arising 以事件性詞表分位假立之動態。

——於眾同分(→#73)中諸行「本無今有」(abhūtvā bhāve)之分位,假立「生」(jāti)之名;性為有為相續之啟動分位,業為四相(→#82 →#83 →#84)相續結構之首端;非別有體,依色心分位差別之合成假立。

英綜述en-synthesis

Etymology

jāti derives from √jan "to be born, to arise" + the action-noun suffix -ti. The root is PIE *ǵenh₁- "to generate, to give birth," one of the most broadly attested Indo-European roots. The cognate network is expansive: Latin gēns / genus / nāscī yields English gene, generation, genus, gender, generic, native, nature; Greek génos gives genesis. A structural cross-reference within baifa: #74 異生性 pṛthag-janatva derives from the same √jan root via jana "person, one who is born" — the "ordinary beings" of #74 are, etymologically, those who arise into a particular kind of stream (pṛthag- "separately, individually"). The same Indo-European root spans from "being born" (jāti) to "being born separately" (pṛthagjana) to "giving birth to" (genus) to the English definite article's pronominal ancestor — generation as the root activity that language itself encodes.

Doctrinal frame

Jāti is the first of the four saṃskṛta-lakṣaṇa (有為相, marks of conditioned dharmas) — the life-cycle of any conditioned phenomenon. Asaṅga's Abhidharma-samuccaya defines it with the terse formula nikāyasabhāge saṃskārāṇām abhūtvā bhāve jātir iti prajñaptiḥ: in the same-class continuum (nikāyasabhāga, #73), in conditioned formations (saṃskārāṇāṃ), in the state of not-having-been→having-come-to-be (abhūtvā bhāve), "arising" is [merely] a designation. Three structural points follow. First, the formula anchors jāti to #73 nikāyasabhāga's container — arising is not a property of an isolated atom but of a conditioned formation within a same-class continuum. Second, the prajñaptiḥ closing (no separate karman-clause) signals prajñapti-sat status: arising has no independent function of its own; it is a label for the configurational differential of "not-yet-having" versus "now-having." Third, the Abhidharma-samuccaya's paired instruction "the four are established upon the continuum-position, not upon the single moment" (sthiti-position not kṣaṇa) locates jāti at the phase-transition of a process-arc, not a point-event in a moment-stream.

Cross-tradition

All three Abhidharma traditions recognize the phenomenon of arising. They differ in its categorial placement: Sarvāstivāda treats jāti as a dravya-sat factor (real); Yogācāra accepts the category but demotes it to prajñapti (designation-only), redirecting the explanatory work to the configurational continuum; Theravāda handles arising via khaṇika-lakkhaṇa analysis (paṭhamābhinibbatti, Vism XX.66) without reifying a separate "arising-factor." Within the 四相 cluster, jāti gains additional structural weight from its pairing with #84 無常: the cluster opens with arising and closes with impermanence, framing the entire conditioned arc. (→#84 for the most acute N-S divergence in this cluster.)

Practitioner's seam

Jāti as a meditation object is elusive precisely because it is a phase-marker, not a thing. To observe arising is to observe the edge — the moment before was "not yet this" and this moment is "now this." The Abhidharma-samuccaya's designation-onto-continuum framing suggests that what meditators actually contact when they "see arising" is the continuum's edge-state, not an entity called "arising." The practitioner's task is not to find the arising but to notice the edge: this moment of noticing is itself a jāti — and so is the moment after it, and the moment that noted the noticing. The regress is exactly Nāgārjuna's point in the Mahāprajñāpāramitā-upadeśa reductio: if arising is real, it must itself arise — and its arising must arise, and so forth. The Yogācāra answer: it is prajñapti, a designation on the phase-edge of a continuum. There is nothing to reify; there is only the arising to notice, and then let go of.

Translation

Arising (jāti) — upon the conditioned formations of the same class (nikāyasabhāga), in the differential of "not-having-been → now-being," [we apply] the designation "arising" — a conventional appellative upon the phase-edge of a continuum, not an entity that causes things to arise.

translator's note

譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P12 §3.6。本條為四相(#81–#84)詞族之首,承擔四相之相續軸(prabandha)結構啟動——「本無今有,有位名生」(《成唯識論》 T31.0006a10)為最精煉的漢譯仿譯;四相之「依相續位建立,不依剎那」(雜集論)區分了過程之階段性與剎那之點性,為假立性之基礎。#81 生(jāti)與 #74 異生性(pṛthagjana-tva)同根 √jan,一指「法之生起」、一指「人之生而為凡夫」——同根而異層,貫通不相應行法目之兩端。