No. 79
心不相應行法 · 不相應行二十四 · 第九 · dissociated formations · dissociated formations #9/24

句身Sentence-cluster designation

Pada-kāya · (無南傳獨立對應)

不相應行第九,三身(名/句/文,→#78、→#80)cluster 之第二條。於諸法之差別能詮之語言分位中,假立「句身」(*pada-kāya*,眾句集聚)之名——其體非實,乃心心法及色法(特依語聲)分位之施設。句非名之簡單堆疊,乃名身組合後所生之意義完整性(「差別能詮」)之新分位。

zh · Xuanzang 譯

不相應行第九,三身(名/句/文,→#78→#80)詞族之第二條。於諸法之差別能詮之語言分位中,假立「句身」(pada-kāya,眾句集聚)之名——其體非實,乃心心法及色法(特依語聲)分位之施設。句非名之簡單堆疊,乃名身組合後所生之意義完整性(「差別能詮」)之新分位。

[共傳]《長阿含》〈大緣方便經〉(Mahānidāna-sutta,DN 15;對應《長阿含》卷十)所立 nāmakāyassa paññatti(名身之假立)之脈絡,預設以「相、貌、徵、號」四維組構完整命題陳述paññatti hoti)——名之聚合形成能詮差別之句,乃其教義中語言假立之自然延伸(→#78 共傳段已詳語言假立之基層教證)。三身詞族共此一共傳根源;句身之差別詮釋功能於阿含中體現為「四聖諦」「十二緣起」等成句之完整教義陳述——名合而為句,句乃差別顯義之單位。

[大乘]《解深密經》卷二〈一切法相品〉(T16n0676)論遍計所執相云:

云何諸法遍計所執相?謂一切法名假安立自性差別,乃至為令隨起言說。

此段「自性差別」之雙項結構揭示三身詞族之內在分工——名所詮者為「自性」(→#78),句所詮者為「差別」(差別即諸法之屬性、關係、狀態之完整陳述);二者共為遍計所執相之語言運作機制。三性架構與三身詞族之教義交匯於此(→#78 大乘段已詳;本條補充「差別」向度)。

《顯揚聖教論》卷一(T31n1602_p0484b19–20):

句身者,謂聚集諸名,顯染淨義言說所依性。

「聚集諸名」(nāma-samūha)——句身非單一名,乃眾名之組合;「顯染淨義言說所依性」——顯揚獨具之詮釋:句身能彰顯善惡染淨之意義(「染淨義」),且為言說之所依(vohāra-āśraya)。此「染淨義」視角為顯揚原創(Asg 集論之簡式定義所無),將句身之功能從中性之「差別能詮」深化為道德認識論意義之承載。

《成唯識論》卷二(T31n1585,T31.0006b05–07)論名句文三身之假立(5-依真如假立框架,→#78 已詳整段):

然依語聲分位差別,而假建立名、句、文身。名詮自性;句詮差別;文即是字,為二所依。

「句詮差別」(viśeṣa-adhivacana)為 Asg 集論之梵語定義之完整漢譯(→梵段 Asg 集論原文);《成唯識論》濃縮為四字,然意義完整——「差別」即諸法之特殊屬性、運動、關係之區分能詮,有別於名之自性標指。

《大乘阿毘達磨雜集論》卷二:

句身者,謂於諸法差別增言,假立句身。

⚠ In Review · 俟終校:上引雜集論(T31n1606)卷二引文待 CBETA 字元核校。

按:論藏三層遞進——Asg 集論「差別能詮」確立句身之基本存在論地位(分位假立,無獨立體性);顯揚以「染淨義言說所依」補充其道德認識論向度;《成唯識論》「句詮差別」則為最簡練之漢語定式,保存 viśeṣa-adhivacana 之完整語義。與 #78 名身「自性能詮」之分野清晰:名是什麼(自性),句是如何(差別)。→#80 文身為名與句共同之語音基礎。

saṃskṛta

pada < √pad「行、走、達」(印度雅利安內部詞根)。原始義「足」「步」;引申為「足跡」「所立之處」「位置」;再引申至語言域為「句」「詞項」(語言之「步足」「意義立足之處」)。梵文語法術語之 pada 即「詞」「句式成分」——語言分析中以「足」喻語言最小完整單位。

印歐同源pada < 印歐祖語 *ped- / *pṓds(足)。同源詞網絡 IE 中最完整者之一:

  • 拉丁 pēs / pedis → 英文 pedal, pedestrian, expedite, impede
  • 希臘 πούς poús → 英文 podium, octopus, antipode, tripod
  • 日耳曼 PGm *fōtaz → 英文 foot(同源)
  • 所謂「語言之足」(metrical foot)——英詩之「foot / iamb」即此引申,與梵 pada 同一語義邏輯

《阿毘達磨集論》(無著, Pradhan 校本,Abhidh-s 10–11):

padakāyāḥ katame / dharmāṇāṃ viśeṣa-adhivacane padakāyā iti prajñaptiḥ //

何為句身?於諸法之差別之能詮viśeṣa-adhivacana),稱為「句身」之假立。

定義為列表形式(X iti prajñaptiḥ),無業用條款(karman-子句)——假立法無獨立自性,不另立業;brevity 即本體宣言:句身只是分位施設。《成唯識論》「句詮差別」(T31.0006b06)即此梵語定義之完整漢譯(→#78 梵段三身仿譯三聯表已詳;本條繼承)。

#79 句身 ↔ #78 名身之梵文分野

梵語功能術語《成唯識論》漢譯
自性能詮(→#78svabhāva-adhivacana名詮自性
差別能詮(#79)viśeṣa-adhivacana句詮差別
前二所依(→#80tad-ubhaya-āśraya akṣara文即是字,為二所依

viśeṣa(差別、特殊性)之語根 √viś「分入、進入」——與 viśeṣa「殊勝差別」共詞根;adhivacana「能詮、加諸其上之說」——adhi- + √vac「說」——漢譯「詮」甚精當(→#78 梵段 adhi-vac- → 詮之仿譯分析)。

按:Asg 集論之「句身」定義極簡——諸論藏假立法皆如此,brevity is the mark of imputed dharmas。viśeṣa-adhivacana* 漢譯為「差別能詮」或「詮差別」,是瑜伽行派梵文翻譯保存最完整之案例之一(→#78 梵段已論 adhi-vac- 系統)。句身 #79 ↔ 名身 #78 之梵語分野(svabhāva vs. viśeṣa)映射於《成唯識論》「自性 vs. 差別」之對偶,亦映射於 →#80 文身作為「二所依」之結構性角色。*

pāḷi

南傳阿毘達磨無「句身」(pada-kāya)作為獨立論藏條目——pada 見於巴利文之一般語言分析術語(如 padattha「詞句之義」、padabhājanīya「分句解義」),但不入 cetasika 列表,亦不作為 paññatti 之獨立分位假立類目。其功能對應在 vohāra-deśanā(世俗說法之常規語言)之系統性語境下,不具瑜伽行派之本體列位。

上座部《攝阿毘達磨義論》(Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha)VIII.4 列六種 paññattisantati-, samūha-, ākāra-, kāla-, pajā-, nāma-paññatti)——pada-paññatti 不在此六類之中。pada 在南傳語境下屬於 vohāra(世俗語言)分析之一般術語,非 paramattha-dhamma(勝義法);與瑜伽行派立句身為獨立不相應行假立位之做法根本分歧(→#71 詞族框架已詳南傳之無此整體類目)。

按:語言三身(#78–#80)詞族之南傳平行問題集中於 #78 名身——彼有 nāma-paññatti 作部分對應(→#78 巴段);#79 句身及 #80 文身則更無直接論藏位置。南傳之語言分析傳統停留於「名色」二元,不展開至「自性能詮/差別能詮/前二所依」之三身系統地分判——此分判為瑜伽行派-Sarvāstivāda 共有之論藏結構貢獻,上座部不採。

漢綜述zh-synthesis

詞源

「句身」之梵文 pada-kāya 為複合詞:pada(「足、步、位置;詞、句」< √pad「行、走、達」< 印歐祖語 *ped- / *pṓds「足」)+ kāya(「身體、積聚」,同 →#78 詞源)。pada 之印歐祖語同源豐富:拉丁 pēs / pedis(英文 pedal, pedestrian, expedite)、希臘 poús(英文 podium, octopus, antipode)、古英文 fōt(英文 foot)。語義橋樑:「足」→「步足」→「語言之立足處」→「句、詞項」(語言最小完整意義單位,「意義所落腳之處」);英詩「metrical foot」與梵語 pada 共此語義邏輯。pada-kāya = 「眾句之聚集」,技術義為「差別能詮之語言分位集聚」。

義理

句身為 24 不相應行之第九,三身語言詞族(→#78→#80)之第二條。《集論》定義(dharmāṇāṃ viśeṣa-adhivacane padakāyā iti prajñaptiḥ)揭示:viśeṣa(「差別、特殊性」< √viś「分入」)+ adhivacana(能詮)——句身為「對諸法差別施加語言指稱」之分位假立。名(→#78)詮「諸法是什麼」(自性),句詮「諸法如何不同、如何運動、如何關聯」(差別)——句非名之簡單堆疊,乃名身組合後所生之意義完整性之新分位。《成唯識論》卷二「句詮差別」四字為 viśeṣa-adhivacana 之完整漢譯,精煉至極。顯揚卷一「顯染淨義言說所依性」補充道德認識論向度:句身能彰顯善惡染淨之意義,為言說之所依——此「染淨義」視角為顯揚原創(Asg 集論簡式未及),揭示句身在修行教學層次之特殊功能:「諸行無常,是生滅法」為句身,所詮為「無常之差別、老滅法之蘊義」,而非僅「無常」之自性指稱。

南北

南傳阿毘達磨無 pada-kāya 作為獨立論藏條目,pada 在巴利文中作一般語言術語(padattha「詞義」等),不入 cetasika 表列,亦不作 paññatti 之獨立分位。上座部語言分析停於「名色」二元,不展開至三身系統地分判——三身之「自性能詮/差別能詮/前二所依」架構為唯識/有部共有之論藏貢獻,南傳不採。

修持

句身之修行涵義:完整句子是「義理落地」之地點——「此是苦,此是苦集,此是苦滅,此是苦滅之道」為句身,所詮為四聖諦之差別關係,而非「苦」一詞之自性指稱。行者觀察完整句子之生起(差別能詮分位之啟動),認識其為假立——語言差別陳述確有功能(傳達義理),然無獨立自性;此認識使句子之把持鬆動,而不廢句子之教學功能。

譯名

「句身」玄奘既譯——「句」= pada(詞/句),「身」= kāya(積聚)。英譯 Sentence-cluster designationsentence 對應 pada 之完整意義單位義,以 clusterkāya,以 designation 明示 prajñapti 性格。

句身 ——於諸法差別能詮(viśeṣa-adhivacana)之語言分位中,假立「句身」(pada-kāya,眾句集聚)之名;性為語聲分位之差別指稱集聚,業為語言三身之差別詮釋位(→#78 自性能詮、→#80 語音基礎);非別有體,依語聲(色)分位假立。

英綜述en-synthesis

Etymology

Sanskrit pada ("foot, step, place, sentence, word") derives from PIE *ped- / *pṓds ("foot"). The cognate field is among the richest in Indo-European: Latin pēs / pedis yields English pedal, pedestrian, expedite, impede; Greek poús yields podium, octopus, antipode, tripod; Old English fōt > English foot is the same PIE root via Proto-Germanic *fōtaz. The semantic bridge from "foot" to "sentence" runs through "step" → "where meaning stands / takes its step" — the same logic behind English "metrical foot" and "poetic foot." Sanskrit grammar uses pada for both "word" and "sentence-unit" — the minimal complete unit of utterance, where meaning "lands." The compound pada-kāya = "body/cluster of sentences" — an aggregate of sentence-units forming a designative system. Note: kāya has no clean PIE parallel (√ci "to gather" is Indo-Aryan internal); the compound is thus half-PIE (nominal root) + half-Indic-internal (collective marker), same hybrid structure as nāma-kāya (→#78).

Doctrinal frame

pada-kāya is the ninth of the 24 cittaviprayukta-saṃskāra, second in the language-triplet (#78–#80). Asg's formula (dharmāṇāṃ viśeṣa-adhivacane padakāyā iti prajñaptiḥ) designates it as the system of "difference-designation" — where viśeṣa ("difference, particularity, distinction") marks the contrasting feature between one dharma and another, and adhivacana is the designation-act that picks out that contrast linguistically. Where nāma-kāya (#78) points to what something is (essence), pada-kāya points to how it differs, relates, moves — the complete-utterance level of language. Cheng Weishi Lun's formula "句詮差別" condenses this precisely: "sentence designates difference/distinction." 顯揚's extension — "顯染淨義言說所依性" — adds the moral-epistemic dimension: sentences are the substrate through which kusala/akusala distinctions are linguistically accessible. This is 顯揚's own elaboration, not in Asg's spare definition, but it correctly identifies that the sentence is where soteriological relevance crystallizes: "form is impermanent" is a pada-kāya that carries a difference-designation with moral and liberative force.

Cross-tradition

Theravāda has no discrete pada-paññatti as an Abhidhamma category with list-position. Pada appears in Pāli as general dhamma-discourse terminology (padattha = textual sense) and in grammatical analysis, but it does not achieve the ontological discrete-listing that Yogācāra assigns it. Sarvāstivāda's Abhidharmakośa (II.47) lists nāmakāya, padakāya, vyañjanakāya as cittaviprayukta-saṃskāra-dharma with dravya-sat (real-factor) status — a realist reading that Yogācāra (Asg) corrects to prajñapti-sat while retaining the three-fold list. The practical consequence: Theravāda analyzes language at the nāma-rūpa level without a systematic triplet-split; Sarvāstivāda reifies the triplet as real factors; Yogācāra retains the categorial structure as imputed designation. All three positions have DN 15's nāmakāyassa paññatti hoti as common textual root (→#78).

Practitioner's seam

The sentence (pada-kāya) is where doctrine lands. "諸行無常,是生滅法" — this is a pada-kāya: it designates not just what impermanence is (that is nāma) but what impermanence does and implies — the difference it makes to conditioned existence. The Yogācāra point is that this difference-designation (viśeṣa-adhivacana) is itself imputed, without independent substance (niḥsvabhāva). The practitioner observing the arising of a complete sentence — "this is pleasant / this is suffering / this is impermanent" — can note: this is pada-kāya operating: a naming of difference on a configural differential of speech-sound. The complete utterance does work that isolated names cannot do; yet even this completing of meaning is a configuration, not an intrinsic property of the sentence's sounds.

Translation

Sentence-cluster designation (pada-kāya) — Of the language-substrate that designates the distinctions and differences (viśeṣa) between and within dharmas, [we apply] the designation "sentence-cluster" — these as imputed appellations on a configurational differential of speech-sound, not as autonomous bearers of independent meaning.

translator's note

譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P12。句身為語言三身(#78–#80)之差別能詮位,名(→#78)詮自性、句詮差別、文(→#80)為二所依——三者共依語聲分位假立(《成唯識論》卷二,T31.0006b05–07,→#78 5-依真如假立框架已詳);顯揚卷一「顯染淨義言說所依性」之染淨義視角為顯揚原創,揭示句身在道德認識論層次之獨特功能,此為《成唯識論》「句詮差別」四字所濃縮而未展開者。(→#71 詞族框架)