No. 78
心不相應行法 · 不相應行二十四 · 第八 · dissociated formations · dissociated formations #8/24

名身Name-cluster designation

Nāma-kāya

不相應行第八,三身(名/句/文,→#79、→#80)cluster 之首條。於諸法之自性能詮之語言分位中,假立「名身」(*nāma-kāya*,眾名集聚)之名——其體非實,乃心心法及色法(特依語聲)分位之施設。

zh · Xuanzang 譯

不相應行第八,三身(名/句/文,→#79→#80)詞族之首條。於諸法之自性能詮之語言分位中,假立「名身」(nāma-kāya,眾名集聚)之名——其體非實,乃心心法及色法(特依語聲)分位之施設。

[共傳]《長阿含》〈大緣方便經〉(Mahānidāna-sutta,DN 15;漢譯對應《長阿含》卷十、《中阿含》第 97 經)佛與阿難論名色不二之段,列舉以「相、貌、徵、號」(ākāra / liṅga / nimitta / uddesa)四維建立名身之假名nāmakāyassa paññatti):

Yehi, ānanda, ākārehi yehi liṅgehi yehi nimittehi yehi uddesehi nāmakāyassa paññatti hoti, tesu ākāresu tesu liṅgesu tesu nimittesu tesu uddesesu asati, api nu kho rūpakāye adhivacana-samphasso paññāyethā?

「阿難,由種種相、種種貌、種種徵、種種號得施設名身之假名;若彼相、貌、徵、號不在,於色身中還有『名稱觸』可立否?」此處 nāmakāyassa paññatti hoti 即瑜伽行派不相應行 #78 名身之直接源頭——技術詞、四維論證、paññatti(假立)之用法皆於此先立。DN 15 之同段亦立 rūpa-kāyassa paññatti(色身之假名);唯識所傳之名/色二身分判與南傳之 nāma-rūpa-kāya 二元論共一根源。

[大乘]《解深密經》卷二〈一切法相品〉(T16n0676,於遍計所執相之定義):

云何諸法遍計所執相?謂一切法名假安立自性差別,乃至為令隨起言說。

「名假安立自性差別」(nāma-prajñapty-avasthāpitaṃ svabhāva-viśeṣa)為瑜伽行派對 #78 名身之 sūtra-經典根據——名所詮者為「自性」,句所詮者為「差別」(→#79),二者皆為遍計所執相之核心機制。三性、三身、三無自性之教義架構於此交匯。

《顯揚聖教論》卷一(T31n1602_p0484b18–19):

名身者,謂詮諸行等法自體,想號假立性。

《成唯識論》卷二(T31n1585_p0006a19–b07)詳釋三身計三聯:

名詮自性,句詮差別,文即是字為二所依。

且引申至非語言感官之假立(T31n1585_p0006b09–11):

諸餘佛土亦依光明、妙香、味等假立三故。

按:論藏三層遞進——Mahānidānanāmakāyassa paññatti 為阿含基層教證;解深密「名假安立自性差別」將此現象學重判為遍計所執相之本體基礎;顯揚/《成唯識論》進一步形式化為 #78(名詮自性)/ #79(句詮差別)/ #80(文為二所依)之系統地三身。《成唯識論》卷二之「光明、妙香、味」延伸尤其重要——此為玄奘成論之 own 闡發(非《集論》原文),將「名身」之功能 generalize 至非語言感官範疇:他方佛土之眾生若以光、香、味為主要感官,其「名/句/文」之假立亦可依此三範疇而立。此 generalization 將名身從 phonetic-specific 轉為 designation-機制普。

saṃskṛta

nāman < 印歐祖語 *h₁nómn̥「名」(部分學者重構為 *h₃néh₃-mn̥;laryngeal 分判尚有爭議)。同源詞群普 IE:拉丁 nōmen(衍生英文 nominal, denominate, nomenclature, noun, ignominy)、希臘 ὄνομα ónoma(衍生英文 anonymous, antonym, 同義詞, eponymous, pseudonym, onomatopoeia)、古英語 nama > English name、古愛爾蘭語 ainm、古教會斯拉夫語 imę > 俄語 имя、西台語 lāman、阿維斯陀語 nāman、托卡里 A ñom。此根之 universality 殆為印歐祖語共同詞之最堅固者——「命名」乃 IE 文化共識之原始認知範疇,每個 IE 分支皆保存其反映。

kāya < √ci「聚集」(印度雅利安語內部詞源;無明確印歐祖語對應)。Synchronic 義為「身體、聚集體」;於佛教技術用語,kāya 兼指「物質身」與「事項聚集」(如 dharma-kāya, śarīra-kāya, nāma-kāya)。nāma-kāya 即「眾名之聚集/群」,非「個別一名」(單獨一名為 nāmannāma-pada)。值得注意者:kāya 與五蘊 skandha(√skand「跳、聚」)兩詞皆攜「聚集」義——於 Buddhist 技術用法為近義詞。nāma-kāya 為 half-印歐祖語 / half-Indic-internal hybrid:普 IE 名詞根 yoke 於印度雅利安內部之 collective marker。

《阿毘達磨集論》(Pradhan 校本,saṃskāra-skandha 不相應行段,Abhidh-s 10–11):

nāmakāyāḥ katame / dharmāṇāṃ svabhāva-adhivacane nāmakāyā iti prajñaptiḥ //

於諸法之自性之能詮svabhāva-adhivacana)之語言分位中,假立「名身」之名。

三身 calque-triplet(v1.0 anchor — #79/#80 inheriting)

baifa #集論 Skt顯揚/《成唯識論》漢譯詮釋功能
#78 名身dharmāṇāṃ svabhāva-adhivacane名詮自性詮諸法之自性
#79 句身dharmāṇāṃ viśeṣa-adhivacane句詮差別詮諸法之差別、屬性(→#79
#80 文身tad-ubhaya-āśrayeṣv akṣareṣu文即是為二所依字母/音節,名與句之物質基礎(→#80

⭐ #80 文身為 Asg 集論 23-列中唯一之多句擴展條——除一般「[名] iti prajñaptiḥ」公式外,另加四子句以詞源學說明 vyañjana = varṇa「色彩」之互釋鏈(per artha-saṃvarṇanatā「意義之色彩化」)。此乃語言之物質根基(akṣara,字母)與語義之雙向綁定,於 #80 詳。

按:svabhāva-adhivacana* / viśeṣa-adhivacane 之 morpheme-模式完整保存於《成唯識論》卷二「自性/差別」——adhi-vac- 漢譯為「詮」,svabhāva / viśeṣa 直譯「自性/差別」,乃瑜伽行派梵文翻譯之最完整保存案例之一。顯揚卷一「想號假立性」(saṃjñā-saṅketa-prajñapti)之 saṃjñā-skandha overlay 為解讀關鍵——nāma-kāyasaṃjñā 之語言外化(→#5 想,與 #11 慧 prajñā 及識 vi-jñāna 共印歐祖語 *ǵneh₃- 根,三式分別為「共知/前知/別知」)。表中 #79/#80 之 entry 展開於對應條目,本條鎖定詞族錨。*

pāḷi

於上座部阿毘達磨,nāma-paññatti(名之概念)列為《攝阿毘達磨義論》(Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha)VIII.4 六種 paññatti 之一(其餘為 santati-, samūha-, ākāra-, kāla-, pajā-paññatti),《清淨道論》XVII 進一步論 paññatti 之結構性質。然南傳之 nāma-paññatti 範圍遠廣於 瑜伽行派之 nāma-kāya——上座部概念為 any concept-by-name;唯識之名身則狹義指「詮諸法自性之音節集聚」。partial conceptual overlap 確存,列位置平行不存——南傳不於心所(cetasika)表列外另立「不相應行」獨立位以收 nāma-paññatti

DN 15 Mahānidānanāmakāyassa paññatti 段(見上 [共傳])為共傳基層;nāmarūpa 之四維互依(ākāra / liṅga / nimitta / uddesa)為瑜伽行派名身教義之文本之根。Dīgha-nikāya 之他經(如 DN 1 Brahmajāla)論 paññatti 之認識論地位,亦旁證上座部對「假名」現象學之重視。

《清淨道論》XVII 列 nāma-paññatti 為六 paññatti 之一;對 nāma-kāya 之四相分判(lakkhaṇa / rasa / paccupaṭṭhāna / padaṭṭhāna)於南傳不適用——paññatti 為概念類,非具自體之 dhamma;不與心所(cetasika)同層處理。

按:南北共識——「名」之現象學兩家皆承認、皆引 DN 15 為基;分歧於架構級別:瑜伽行派立名身為獨立論藏條目(位於 100 法系第 78 位),南傳拒此 reification,將同類 phenomena 歸入更廣之 paññatti 範疇。三身(名/句/文)之系統地分為瑜伽行派-Sarvāstivāda 共有之論藏結構,南傳完全不採此分——上座部教學之語言分析依然停在「名/色」二元,不展開至音節層。此架構分歧鏡像於整個 24 條詞族(→#71 普框架),#78 為詞族中唯一具 robust 共傳教證之條目。

漢綜述zh-synthesis

詞源

「名身」之梵文 nāma-kāya 為複合詞:nāman(「名」< 印歐祖語 *h₁nómn̥,laryngeal 分判尚有爭議;部分學者重構 *h₃néh₃-mn̥)+ kāya(「身體、聚集體」< √ci「聚集」,印度雅利安內部詞源)。nāman 之印歐祖語根於語系內保存穩固,同源詞群遍 IE:拉丁 nōmen(英文 nominal, nomenclature, denominate, noun)、希臘 ónoma(英文 anonymous, synonym, onomatopoeia)、古英文 nama(英文 name)、古愛爾蘭 ainm、西台語 lāman、阿維斯陀語 nāman、托卡里 A ñomkāya(身體、積聚)無清晰印歐祖語對應(√ci 為印度雅利安內部),nāma-kāya 為「半印歐祖語 / 半印度雅利安內部」之混合複合:普 IE 名詞根 + 印度雅利安集合標記。複合義「眾名之聚集」,技術義「自性能詮之語言分位之集聚」。

義理

名身為 24 不相應行之第八,三身(名/句/文,→#79→#80)語言詞族之首條。《集論》定義(dharmāṇāṃ svabhāva-adhivacane nāmakāyā iti prajñaptiḥ)揭示兩個技術術語:svabhāva(自性、諸法之本質)+ adhivacana(能詮、「加諸其上之說」< adhi- + √vac「說」)——名身為「對諸法自性施加語言指稱」之分位假立。《成唯識論》卷二「名詮自性,句詮差別,文即是字,為二所依」之三分架構:名(自性能詮)/句(差別能詮)/文(前二所依)——名身為三身之首,確立「詮什麼」之功能層(→#79 差別能詮,→#80 語音基礎)。《成唯識論》卷二進一步 generalize:「諸餘佛土亦依光明、妙香、味等假立三故」——名身之功能不限語聲,他方佛土以光、香、味為主要感官者,其假立三身亦依此等媒介——玄奘之 own 闡發,將名身從語聲媒介擴展為一般性指稱機制。DN 15 Mahānidānanāmakāyassa paññatti hoti(名身之假立)為三身詞族之共傳根源,唯識繼承此詞並建立系統三分(→#78 巴段)。

南北

南傳以 nāma-paññatti(名之概念)列為 Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha VIII.4 六種 paññatti 之一,但範圍廣於唯識之名身(南傳為任何名稱性概念,唯識特指「詮諸法自性之語聲分位」)。三身詞族(名/句/文)之系統三分為唯識/有部共有之論藏結構,南傳完全不採此分。本條為詞族中文本獨例——具 robust 共傳教證(DN 15 nāmakāyassa paññatti hoti 直接用此術語)之條目,其餘 #79/#80 無此層級之共傳錨點。

修持

名身之修行涵義在於認識語言指稱之假立性:當行者聽到「無常」(anicca)而此音節集聚成含義,名身 prajñapti 已啟動——svabhāva(無常之「是什麼」)被語聲指稱,而此指稱本身為分位假立,非獨立實體。觀察語言指稱之分位性,即觀名身之假立——語言仍可運作,但其對「本質陳述」之把持鬆動。

譯名

「名身」玄奘既譯——「名」= nāma,「身」= kāya(積聚)。英譯 Name-cluster designationclusterkāya(積聚),以 designation 明示 prajñapti 性格。

名身 ——於諸法自性能詮(svabhāva-adhivacana)之語言分位中,假立「名身」(nāma-kāya,眾名集聚)之名;性為語聲分位之自性指稱集聚,業為語言三身之能詮首位(→#79 差別能詮、→#80 語音基礎);非別有體,依語聲(色)分位假立。

英綜述en-synthesis

Etymology

nāman derives from PIE *h₁nómn̥ "name" (laryngeal disputed; some authorities reconstruct *h₃néh₃-mn̥). The cognate set is among the most stable in Indo-European: Latin nōmen (giving English nominal, nomenclature, denominate, ignominy, noun), Greek ὄνομα ónoma (giving English anonymous, antonym, synonym, eponymous, pseudonym, onomatopoeia), Old English nama > English name, Old Irish ainm, Old Church Slavonic imę, Hittite lāman, Avestan nāman, Tocharian A ñom. The cross-cultural stability of the root testifies to "naming" as a primary cognitive category at PIE depth — every IE branch retains a reflex. kāya "body, group, collection" has no clean PIE chain; the root √ci "to gather" is Indo-Aryan internal, possibly with substrate contribution. The compound nāma-kāya is therefore a half-PIE / half-internal hybrid: a universal IE nominal root yoked to an Indic-internal collective marker. The sense "body of names" / "name-cluster" emerges from the Buddhist technical use of kāya for any aggregate (cf. dharma-kāya, śarīra-kāya).

Doctrinal frame

nāma-kāya is the eighth of the 24 cittaviprayukta-saṃskāra, leading the language-triplet (#78–#80) that Asg treats as a structural unit. Asg's terse formula (dharmāṇāṃ svabhāva-adhivacane nāmakāyā iti prajñaptiḥ) carries two technical loads: svabhāva "self-nature, essence" — what each dharma is in itself — and adhivacana "designation, naming-upon" — the linguistic act that picks out a svabhāva under a sign. The nāma-kāya is the act and content of essence-designation as a system. Cheng Weishi Lun extends the analysis past spoken language: Buddha-fields whose beings communicate via light, fragrance, or taste rather than sound have nāma-kāya / pada-kāya / vyañjana-kāya operating on those substrates. The function generalizes; only the medium varies. This generalization is Cheng Weishi-original (not in Asg) — a Yogācāra-cosmological extension of the language category into a more abstract designation-mechanism. The Buddha-field move reframes the entire triplet from "philosophy of language" to "philosophy of designation" — language is one mode of a more general phenomenon.

Cross-tradition

DN 15 Mahānidāna's nāmakāyassa paññatti hoti is the shared textual root: Yogācāra inherits the Pāli phrase intact and adds the systematic three-fold split (#78/#79/#80). Sarvāstivāda treats nāmakāya as dravya-sat alongside their other cittaviprayukta-saṃskāra (Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośa II.45 lists it among the real factors). Yogācāra (Asg) demotes to prajñapti-sat but retains the categorial slot and the three-fold split. Theravāda preserves the conceptual content within the broader paññatti category but declines both the dravya-sat status and the discrete cetasika-list position. The Yogācāra position thus articulates a middle path between Sarvāstivāda's reification and Theravāda's refusal-to-list — same DN 15 root, three architectural responses. The systematic three-fold split (essence-designation / difference-designation / letter-substrate) is Yogācāra-Sarvāstivāda's joint contribution to philosophy of language, with no Theravāda parallel at this articulation level.

Practitioner's seam

Language as practice-target. The Pāli Satipaṭṭhāna tradition makes nāma-rūpa contemplation a foundational discipline — observing how names attach to phenomena, how a syllable-cluster generates saṃjñā that generates vedanā. The Yogācāra nāma-kāya analysis sharpens this: the moment a meditator hears "anicca" (impermanence) and the syllable anicca becomes a label-with-content, the nāmakāya prajñapti has activated — svabhāva (the "what-it-is" of impermanence) is being designated by sound. The seam is the practitioner's noticing of this activation as designation rather than as substance: not "anicca is x" but "anicca-designation has just operated on a configurational differential." The contemplation dissolves linguistic reification without dissolving the practice — words still work, but their grip on essence-claims loosens. Cheng Weishi's Buddha-field generalization extends this: the same designation-loosening applies whether the medium is sound, light, fragrance, or taste — the practice is medium-independent.

Translation

Name-cluster designation (nāma-kāya) — Of the language-substrate that designates the self-nature (svabhāva) of dharmas, [we apply] the designation "name-cluster" — these as imputed appellations on a configurational differential of speech-sound (or its non-linguistic analog), not as nominal essence.

translator's note

譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P11。本條為三身(#78–#80)樣板之錨,名/句/文之逐語素仿譯鏈(svabhāva-adhivacana → 詮自性/ viśeṣa-adhivacana → 詮差別/ akṣara → 字為二所依)已立於梵段表,#79、#80 inheriting;顯揚卷一「想號」(saṃjñā-saṅketa)之 saṃjñā-skandha overlay 將 nāmakāya 鎖定為「想蘊之語言外化」(→#5 想),《成唯識論》卷二「諸餘佛土亦依光明、妙香、味等假立三故」之 cosmological 延伸則為玄奘成論 own 闡發——此 generalization 將 #78–#80 三身之功能擴及非語言感官範疇,乃唯識對 Sarvāstivāda 75 法 pure-語言取向之關鍵 outgrowth。