No. 74
心不相應行法 · 不相應行二十四 · 第四 · dissociated formations · dissociated formations #4/24

異生性Ordinary-being-nature designation

Pṛthagjanatva · (無南傳獨立對應)

心不相應行法之第四。於聖法之未獲得(*āryadharmāṇām apratilābha*)分位中,假立「異生性」(凡夫位,*pṛthagjana*「各各出生者、別生之人」)之名——其體非實,乃「非得」(*apratilābha*)於見所斷種未永害位之施設,即 #71 得-非得軸之衍生(→#71)。本條 cluster-locator 屬「依心分位假立」——CWS 卷一明判為四種假立地中之第二類:純心位(未證聖法之心的分位狀態),非色亦非心所(→#71 cluster 首 articulate 四種假立地)。

zh · Xuanzang 譯

心不相應行法之第四。於聖法之未獲得(āryadharmāṇām apratilābha)分位中,假立「異生性」(凡夫位,pṛthagjana「各各出生者、別生之人」)之名——其體非實,乃「非得」(apratilābha)於見所斷種未永害位之施設,即 #71 得非得軸之衍生(→#71)。本條詞族定位屬「依心分位假立」——《成唯識論》卷一明判為四種假立地中之第二類:純心位(未證聖法之心的分位狀態),非色亦非心所(→#71 詞族首闡明四種假立地)。

異生性為 #71 得非得軸之 sub-例:《成唯識論》卷一于 #71 得之三種成就(種子/自在/現行)後,立即以「翻此假立不成就名」引入異生性,明定異生性為「非得 (apratilābha-prajñapti) 之子項」——於三界見所斷種未永害位,假立「非得聖法」之名,名之「異生性」。此條故為詞族內部之唯一階層錨:得非得軸(→#71)之衍生,異生性於本體論上寄於得之 inverse。

不相應行為論藏所立之分析範疇,於阿含、尼柯耶不作獨立法目;其經藏概念線索可由「凡夫」(pṛthagjana / 巴 puthujjana)vs「聖人」(ārya-pudgala / 巴 ariya-puggala)詞群追溯——諸阿含、尼柯耶中此類型學對比普遍,然均為教證描述之人格分類,非本體獨立法立。論藏將此類型學差別結構化為獨立 prajñapti,乃 Sarvāstivāda 阿毘達磨時期始見。

《顯揚聖教論》卷一(T31n1602, T31.0484b12–15,無著菩薩造):

異生性者,此有二種:一愚夫異生性、二無聞異生性。愚夫異生性者,謂無始世來有情身中愚夫之性。無聞異生性者,謂如來法外諸邪道性。

⭐ 顯揚給出「二種異生性」之子分類(無著自身之延伸,集論本體及《成唯識論》均不展開此結構):

  • 愚夫異生性bāla-pṛthagjana):無始以來有情身中之愚夫之性——一般之凡夫位,於聖法未成就之通義
  • 無聞異生性aśruta-pṛthagjana,⚠️ 梵名重構非《集論》證攝,僅供參照):如來法外之諸邪道性——指完全在佛陀教法以外者,或邪道行者

⚠ In Review · 二種異生性之 Skt 名稱僅「愚夫 → bāla」有顯揚/《成唯識論》間接證攝;「無聞」之梵語對應(aśruta?)非《集論》集論原文所及,故梵語重構不列於梵段——遵 #71 三種成就 table-cell 無《集論》-unattested Skt 之學科(→#71 梵段)。

《成唯識論》卷一(T31n1585, T31.0005b04–06,護法等造):

翻此假立不成就名,此類雖多,而於三界見所斷種未永害位,假立非得,名異生性,於諸聖法未成就故。

——⭐ 結構關鍵:《成唯識論》以「翻此」(翻轉 #71 之「成就」假立)直接導入異生性為「非得」之子項。「三界見所斷種未永害位」為《成唯識論》以種子語言(ālaya-vijñāna 框架)深化之瑜伽行派原貌闡發:見所斷種(煩惱障中屬見道所斷者)尚未被永久損害(永害位 = 入見道正位、獲初果),即異生性持續之充要條件。「於諸聖法未成就故」為核心仿譯(āryadharmāṇām apratilābhe → 於諸聖法未成就)。

按:「依心分位假立」之純心位立基使異生性在 24 條中最具解脫論之色彩——其他多數條目之假立地涉色心複合,唯異生性之立基純為「心之未成就狀態」,直接對應修道之凡聖之際。此條之消滅即道位之起點(入見道 → 異生性斷),故為詞族內部唯一具有解脫論之 terminal point 之法目。

saṃskṛta

pṛthak ——「分離、各別、個別地」(副詞/前置詞),表示「各自分開之」「離散之」。

jana < √jan(出生、生成)+ -a(名詞後綴)——「生者、人、有情」。

-tva ——抽象後綴(「性、質、狀態」),同梵語 -hood / -ness

複合:pṛthak-jana = 「各別出生者」「個別之生者」 → pṛthagjana = 「凡夫、常人」(以「各別出生」相對於「共同出生於聖道」之聖者,或以「各各散生」相對於聖位之「共入法流」)。pṛthagjanatva = 「凡夫之狀態 / 凡夫性」。

jan <印歐祖語 *ǵenh₁-(「生、生育」),為印歐祖語語族保存最完整之詞根之一,同源詞群廣泛:

  • 拉丁 gēns / gens(「氏族、民族」)→ 英文 gentle, gentry, generation
  • 拉丁 genus(「種類」)→ 英文 genus, generic, gender
  • 拉丁 nāscīgnāscī 縮略,「出生」)→ 英文 nature, native, naïve
  • 希臘 génos(γένος,「族、種」)→ 英文 gene, genetics

《阿毘達磨集論》(無著, Abhidh-s 10)梵本定義(PRAJNAPTI_DEFINITIONS.md § V):

pṛthagjanatvaṃ katamat / āryadharmāṇām apratilābhe pṛthagjanatvam iti prajñaptiḥ //

於聖法之未獲得(āryadharmāṇām apratilābha),稱為「異生性」之假立。

結構連結至 #71apratilābha(非得)= a- + pratilābha ≈ #71 prāptipratilambha 之邏輯反轉。《集論》之 prajñapti 格式本身在此條已將異生性定義為「得」(#71)之 inversion——「非得聖法」即異生性之全部定義。《成唯識論》明確以「翻此假立不成就名」闡明此 inversion,並以種子語言深化之(→#71)。

《集論》不相應行段 prajñapti 格式(無 svabhāva / karman 雙結構,僅以 iti prajñaptiḥ 一句作結)——格式精簡即義理立場(→#71 format-學科已詳)。

按:顯揚之「二種異生性」(愚夫/無聞)為無著自身之闡發,集論本體以 āryadharmāṇām apratilābha 一式統之。此闡發未展開梵語對應名——集論 prajñapti 格式之精簡意味着《集論》於集論層不展開子分類;子分類乃顯揚之 mature 重判,《成唯識論》不採,以「於諸聖法未成就」統之。本譯據此以顯揚原文呈現二種框架而不為「無聞」重構 Skt(→#71 三種成就 table-cell 無《集論》-unattested Skt 之學科)。

pāḷi

⚠ In Review · 南傳無「心不相應行」之 pṛthagjanatva 獨立法,但術語彙合顯著。

Pāli puthujjana(凡夫;<梵文 pṛthag-janā via sandhi: -thg--thj- → Pāli -thuj-puthuj-)為上座部標準術語,對應 ariyapuggala(聖者)——此類型學對比為 Pāli Nikāya 及阿毘達磨之經典詞彙(AN 2.36, MN 1 等,散見諸處)。

然而,puthujjana-bhāva(凡夫性)在 Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha不作為獨立 paññatti 列位。凡聖之差別在南傳框架內以 ten-fetters system(十結,saṃyojana)處理:

  • 見道入流(sotāpatti)= 斷 sakkāyadiṭṭhi, vicikicchā, sīlabbata-parāmāsa(三下分結)
  • 此後不再是 puthujjana,成 sotāpanna(初果)

南傳之邏輯:凡聖之際由「斷結」(saṃyojana-pahāna)定義,而非由「某種獨立法目之非得」定義——此乃南傳不需立 pṛthagjanatva 為獨立 prajñapti 之根本原因。同一解脫論之門限,兩套語言:瑜伽行派稱「異生性斷(見道)」,南傳稱「三下分結斷(初果)」。

按:南北在此之分歧清晰——同一凡聖門限,瑜伽行派以「假立非得聖法之分位(異生性)」命名,南傳以「實有繫縛(saṃyojana)之斷」命名——前者 prajñapti-框架(否定性假立),後者 saṃyojana-框架(肯定性斷除)。現象同,架構異。

漢綜述zh-synthesis

詞源

「異生性」之梵文 pṛthagjanatva 為三段合成:pṛthak(「分離、各別、個別地」,副詞/前置詞)+ jana(< √jan「出生、生成」< 印歐祖語 *ǵenh₁-「生、生育」)+ -tva(抽象後綴「性、質、狀態」)。pṛthagjana 字義為「各各分散出生者、各別生者」——以「各別出生」相對於「共入法流」之聖者,或以「散生」相對於「同入聖道」之義。印歐祖語 *ǵenh₁- 之同源詞網絡廣泛:拉丁 gēns / genus / nāscī(英文 gene, generation, genus, gender, native, nature)、希臘 génos(英文 genetics)。漢字「異生性」之三字:「異」(separate)= pṛthak,「生」(born)= jana,「性」(nature, -ness)= -tva,為逐語素之精準仿譯。⭐ #81 生(jāti)亦同 √jan 根——同根貫通「法之生起」(#81)與「人之生而為凡夫」(#74),不相應行詞族之語根聯繫。

義理

異生性為 24 不相應行之第四——依心分位(純心位,非色心複合)假立,並為 #71 得-非得軸之明判 sub-例(→#71)。《集論》定義(āryadharmāṇām apratilābhe pṛthagjanatvam iti prajñaptiḥ)以 apratilābha(非得)為核心——a- + pratilābha,為 #71 prāptipratilambha 之邏輯反轉。《成唯識論》卷一明以「翻此假立不成就名」直接導入異生性,確立本條為「非得」(apratilābha-prajñapti)之子項(→#71 得非得軸,以指針參照,不重推該軸架構)。「三界見所斷種未永害位,假立非得,名異生性,於諸聖法未成就故」——見所斷種(煩惱障中屬見道所斷之種子)尚未被永久損害(入見道正位),即異生性持續之充要條件。顯揚「二種異生性」(愚夫異生性 / 無聞異生性)為無著自身之延伸,《成唯識論》以「於諸聖法未成就」統之。本條之消滅即道位之起點:入見道 → 異生性斷,此法為詞族內部唯一以解脫論門限為假立邊際之條目。

南北

南傳以 puthujjana(Pāli 同源詞)為標準術語,對應 ariyapuggala(聖者),此類型學對比為 Nikāya 及阿毘達磨之經典框架(AN 2.36, MN 1 等)。然 puthujjana-bhāva 在南傳框架中不作為獨立 paññatti 列位;凡聖之際以十結系統saṃyojana)定義:入流(sotāpatti)= 斷三下分結(見惑、疑、戒禁取),彼後不再是 puthujjana。南傳之邏輯:凡聖之際由「斷結」(實有繫縛之斷除)定義,而非由「某種獨立法目之非得」定義。兩套語言描述同一門限:唯識稱「異生性斷(見道)」,南傳稱「三下分結斷(初果)」——現象同,架構異。

修持

異生性之修行涵義為解脫論之直接指向——此法是行者「當下所處之位置」之名稱,亦是修行成熟後自然消滅之分位。行者於禪定中深化 vipassanādarśana-mārga 成熟,異生性分位即消——非另取一物、非除去一物,而是見所斷種之永害發生。此「依心分位假立」之純心立基使本條之修行指向最為直接:異生性之消滅為修道之認識論事件(見道),非物質或業報事件。

譯名

「異生性」玄奘之既譯,三字切中原義。英譯 Ordinary-being-nature designation 明示 prajñapti 性格;pṛthagjana 通常英譯為 ordinary being(Cox, Williams 等),本譯沿用,加 designation 以標 prajñapti

異生性 ——於聖法之未獲得(āryadharmāṇām apratilābha)分位中,假立「異生性」(凡夫位)之名;性為見所斷種未永害之心分位,業為凡聖門限之標示;非別有體,依未證聖法之心分位假立,為 #71 得-非得軸(→#71)之 sub-例施設。

英綜述en-synthesis

Etymology

Pṛthagjanatva is a Sanskrit abstract noun with three components. Pṛthak is an adverb/prefix meaning "separately, individually, apart" — the sense is not "strange" (as a casual gloss of "異" might suggest) but "each born separately, not born into the common-stream-of-the-path." Jana derives from √jan "to be born, to come into being," from PIE *ǵenh₁- "to generate, give birth to" — one of the most productive PIE roots: Latin gēns (clan) → gentle, generation; Latin genusgeneric, gender; Greek génosgene, genetics; Latin nāscī (gnāscī) → nature, native. The suffix -tva is the Sanskrit abstract-noun-forming suffix (-ness, -hood). Pṛthagjana thus means "one born separately / one who is individually-born (as opposed to born-into-the-common-stream-of-ariya-hood)." The Chinese calque 「異生性」 renders this: 異 (separate, different) + 生 (born) + 性 (nature, -ness).

Doctrinal frame

Pṛthagjanatva (異生性) is the fourth of 24 citta-viprayukta-saṃskāra. Asg's definition is the most minimal in the 23-entry prajñapti block: āryadharmāṇām apratilābhe pṛthagjanatvam iti prajñaptiḥ — "in the non-attainment of noble-one's dharmas, 'ordinary-being-nature' is designated." The definition is entirely negative: pṛthagjanatva = non-ārya-hood, the absence of the path-threshold having been crossed. CWS makes the structural implication explicit: 異生性 is the sub-case of 非得 (apratilābha), the logical inverse of 得 (#71 prāpti). The grounds-of-imputation: yi xin fen-wei (依心分位) — purely a mental-state configuration (the seeds of darśana-mārga not yet having been destroyed), not a composite color-mind configuration. This makes 異生性 the only entry in the 不相應行 cluster whose 假立 ground is purely citta-based, and therefore the entry with the most direct soteriological referent: the moment this prajñapti ceases is the moment of darśana-mārga entry (stream-entry), the crossing of the ārya-threshold. Asaṅga's 顯揚 elaboration adds a two-type sub-classification: the 愚夫異生性 (general ordinary-being-nature, the bāla-pṛthagjana of beginningless unawakenedness) and the 無聞異生性 (those outside the Buddhadharma entirely, in wrong-paths). The two types are Asaṅga-original and not carried into CWS's systematic treatment; v1 surfaces them from 顯揚.

Cross-tradition

Theravāda uses puthujjana (Pāli cognate of pṛthagjana) as a canonical typological category — the "ordinary worldling" contrasted with ariyapuggala — but does not enumerate puthujjana-bhāva as a discrete paññatti. Instead, the ordinary-person/noble-person distinction is encoded in the saṃyojana (ten-fetters) system: stream-entry (sotāpatti) = severing the first three fetters (sakkāyadiṭṭhi, doubt, rule-attachment), at which point one ceases being puthujjana and becomes ariyapuggala. The Theravāda logic: ordinary-being-status is defined by what binds (the real fetters), not by a designated absence of noble-dharma-attainment. Two frameworks for the same threshold, mirror-image: Yogācāra names the cessation-condition as the absence of a prajñapti (異生性 ceases); Theravāda names it as the severing of real factors (saṃyojanas). The same moment, two ontological accounts.

Practitioner's seam

異生性 is unusual among the 24 not-associated-with-mind formations in having an expiry date that the practitioner can recognize. It is the only prajñapti in the cluster that marks a soteriological threshold rather than a cosmological, temporal, or linguistic configuration. The meditator who has established samādhi and is ripening vipassanā is — by definition, in the Yogācāra account — still in the position of 異生性; the moment of darśana-mārga (path of seeing) is precisely the moment of its cessation. This makes 異生性 the 不相應行 entry most directly about the practitioner's own position right now. Asaṅga's 顯揚 distinction (愚夫-type vs 無聞-type) gestures toward a pastoral concern: one can be an ordinary being through general unawakenedness (the mass of humanity across the realms) or through active alignment with wrong-views and wrong-paths — both share the non-attainment ground, but the path to the threshold differs accordingly.

Translation

Ordinary-being-nature designation (pṛthagjanatva) — In the non-attainment of the noble-one's dharmas: [we designate] "ordinary-being-nature" — an imputation on the mental-state position of one whose seeds of seeing-truth have not yet been permanently severed, established as the sub-case of non-acquisition within the acquisition-designation framework (#71).

translator's note

譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P11 §2.4。異生性為 24 不相應行中唯一以純心分位(依心假立,非依色心複合)為立基者,並為 #71 得非得軸之唯一明判 sub-例(《成唯識論》卷一「翻此假立不成就名」,→#71);顯揚之「愚夫/無聞二種」為無著自身之延伸,《成唯識論》不採,本譯呈現二種框架而不為無聞異生性重構未《集論》-attestated 之梵名(→#71 三種成就 table-cell 學科)。