No. 86
心不相應行法 · 不相應行二十四 · 第十六 · dissociated formations · dissociated formations #16/24

定異Determinate distinctness

Pratiniyama · (無南傳獨立對應)

不相應行第十六。於因果鏈各自之差別性(*hetu-phala-nānātva*)分位中,假立「定異」之名——其體非實,乃色心分位之施設。此為 #85–#94 因果座標群之第二條;#85 流轉假立因果相續之不斷性,本條則假立因果之差別性——每一因果鏈有其特定性質,善因生善果,惡因生惡果,各異而不混淆(→#85)。

zh · Xuanzang 譯

不相應行第十六。於因果鏈各自之差別性hetu-phala-nānātva)分位中,假立「定異」之名——其體非實,乃色心分位之施設。此為 #85–#94 因果座標群之第二條;#85 流轉假立因果相續之不斷性,本條則假立因果之差別性——每一因果鏈有其特定性質,善因生善果,惡因生惡果,各異而不混淆(→#85)。

不相應行為論藏所立之分析範疇,於阿含、尼柯耶不作獨立法目。「因果各異」之現象學在阿含經「業因業果」之一般教義(「異因異緣異果」)中有現象的教證背景,然此類用法為通用教義框架,非獨立本體法立。本條為普通 prajñapti,無 [共傳]/[大乘] 標準分判(v0.1 之 [共傳] 與 [大乘] 引文缺乏經字元級核校之 T-定位,依 #71 典範於此省略,俟終校)。

《顯揚聖教論》卷一(T31n1602, T31.0484b21–22):

定異者,謂諸行因果各異性。

——hetu-phala-nānātva 之精確漢語翻譯:「因果各異性」——非「使因果各異之實體」,乃諸行因果鏈各自差異性之假名。「定」(決定、固定)與「異」(差別、各異)同時呈現:因果差異非偶然偏移,乃有規律之確定性差別。

《成唯識論》卷一(T31n1585, T31.0006b13–14):

執別有餘不相應行,准前理趣皆應遮止。

——同適於本條:「定異」非別有之實體,依前所建立之「非如色心體相可得」論式遮止之(→#71)。

俟終校:《大乘阿毘達磨雜集論》(T31n1606)卷二「定異者,謂諸行因果各異性」之獨立出處,需 CBETA 字元核校(初稿歸屬俟確認)。

按:「定異」之漢語二字精準捕捉 prati-niyama 之雙重義:「定」對應 niyama(決定、有序規律),「異」對應 nānātva(差別、多樣)——因果之差別性是有規律的,非偶然的,此即「業力不亂」之假立表達。于 #85–#94 群中,#85 流轉著重不斷性,本條著重差別性,#87 相應著重相稱性——三條從不同維度描述因果關係(→#85, →#87)。

saṃskṛta

pratiniyama < prati-(向、各別、per-)+ niyama(決定、規律;< ni-(下)+ √yam(制、引、持))——「各別之決定」「確定性差別」。niyama 同根 yama(控制、抑制;亦為死神之名,掌死亡之「規律性」)。√yam 之印歐祖語同源謹慎存疑:部分學者連繫印歐祖語 *yemH-(「制、配對」),認知鏈至英文 thin,v0.1 正確標記不追。

Asg 所定義之技術分位 nānātva(種種差別、nānā「各各」+ -tva 抽象名詞詞尾)確立此條之架構:非一般「差別」,乃因果對應關係之特定差別——每一因種有其特定果種,二者之配對不可隨意替換。

《阿毘達磨集論》(無著,Pradhan 校本,Abhidh-s 10–11):

pratiniyamaḥ katamaḥ / hetuphala-nānātve pratiniyama iti prajñaptiḥ //

何為定異?於因果之種種差別hetu-phala-nānātva),稱為「定異」之假立。iti prajñaptiḥ 共同句式——確立 prajñapti 假立地位(→§R.1)。

按:prati-* 之「per-」義(各別、逐一)與 niyama 之「規律」義合成,確立因果差別之「有規律的各別性」——非單純多樣,乃有序的差別。顯揚「因果各異性」之翻譯選擇以「各異」捕捉此點,與 nānātva 之語義對應清晰(→#86 顯揚引文)。*

pāḷi

南傳無「定異」作為獨立心不相應行 paññatti 之列項。Pāli pati-niyāma(各別之規律性)在一般法義語境中使用,但不以獨立 abhidhammic 法目出現。因果差別之確定性現象,在南傳傳統中由 kamma-niyāma(業報律)涵蓋——Vism XVII.143 之五 niyāma(決定律)系統:bīja-niyāma(種子律)/ utu-niyāma(時節律)/ kamma-niyāma(業報律)/ citta-niyāma(心律)/ dhamma-niyāma(法律)。其中 kamma-niyāmapratiniyama 有部分功能重疊(業因決定其果之差別),但 Vism 五 niyāma 為分類學框架,非 paññatti 列項——非精確等值。

按:南北在此之差異——南傳以五 niyāma 之分類框架涵蓋「因果各異」之現象學,瑜伽行派從 Sarvāstivāda 繼承「不相應行」獨立位並重判為假立,形成本條。架構設計路徑不同,但雙方均不主張「因果差別性」是一獨立實體——此點上有隱性共識。

漢綜述zh-synthesis

詞源

「定異」之梵文 pratiniyama 為複合詞:prati-(向、各別、per-,「逐一對應」之義)+ niyama(決定、規律;< ni-「下」+ √yam「制、引、持」= 「向下制束」「有規律的限定」)。niyama 同根之 yama 為「控制者」「死神之名」(掌「規律性終結」之神),揭示 √yam 之「規律性制約」核心義。√yam 之印歐祖語上游謹慎存疑(或與 *yemH-「制、配對」相關,但音韻鏈待考),v1 不延伸主張。Asg 技術化關鍵詞 nānātvanānā「各各」+ -tva 抽象後綴 = 「種種差別、多樣性」)確立本條為「因果對應關係之特定差別」——每一因種有其特定果種,配對不可隨意替換。漢譯「定」(決定性,niyama 維度)+「異」(差別性,nānātva 維度)為逐義之精準雙字仿譯。此為 #85–#94 動性類之第二條。

義理

定異為 24 不相應行之第十六,動性類之第二條。《集論》定義(hetuphala-nānātve pratiniyama iti prajñaptiḥ)揭示:hetu-phala-nānātva(因果之種種差別)為基底,pratiniyama(定異)為其假立名——非「使因果各異之實體」,乃諸行因果鏈各自差異性之分位假立。顯揚「因果各異性」精準對應 nānātva——「定」(決定性差別,非偶然偏差)與「異」(差別、各異)同時呈現:善因生善果、惡因生惡果,各異而不混淆,此即「業力不亂」之假立表達。#85 流轉著重因果鏈之不斷性,本條著重因果鏈之差別性,#87 相應著重因果之相稱性(→#85, →#87)——三條從不同維度描述因果關係。《成唯識論》「准前理趣皆應遮止」統括此群:定異無別有之實體,依前 prajñapti 框架遮止(→#71)。

南北

南傳無「定異」作為獨立 paññatti 列項。因果差別之確定性,在南傳由 Vism XVII.143 五 niyāma 系統涵蓋(kamma-niyāma 業報律等),但此為分類學框架而非 paññatti 列項,功能重疊而結構非精確等值。南北雙方均不主張「因果差別性」是獨立實體——此點上有隱性共識,但架構設計路徑不同(→#71 南北架構分歧)。

修持

定異作為 prajñapti 之修行涵義:「業力不亂」之信念並非基於「某外在規律執行者之存在」,而是基於因果鏈差別性之假立:善因與善果之配對是有規律的差別,非偶然,因此可信賴、可修行。認識定異為假立,即鬆動「有某物在維持業報秩序」之執取,留下的是諸行差別配置之自然顯現。

譯名

「定異」玄奘既譯。英譯 Determinate distinctnessspecific determinationdifferential specification 更精確對應「定」(決定)與「異」(差別)之雙重義。

定異 ——於因果之種種差別(hetu-phala-nānātvapratiniyama)分位,假立「定異」之名;性為因果鏈各自之確定性差別(善因生善果、惡因生惡果,各異不混),業為業報秩序之差別標示;非別有體,依色心分位差別之合成假立。

英綜述en-synthesis

Etymology

pratiniyama is a compound of prati- "per, toward, individually" + niyama "regulation, determination," the latter from ni- "down" + √yam "to hold, restrain, govern." The synchronic sense: "per-regulated" = "determinate-distinctness" — each cause-effect chain individually determined in its character. niyama shares its root with yama (the god of death, "the regulator"), and the underlying √yam belongs to a PIE family tentatively reconstructed as *yemH- "to constrain, pair"; the English cognate chain is thin and not claimed here. The Chinese 「定異」 elegantly maps the compound's dual meaning: 「定」 (determinate, fixed — the niyama dimension) + 「異」 (distinct, various — the nānātva dimension that appears in Asg's formula).

Doctrinal frame

pratiniyama is the second dharma in the cause-effect coordinate group (#85–#94). Asg's formula grounds it in hetu-phala-nānātva — the variedness of cause-effect chains — making it a designation for the fact that each karmic seed has its own specific fruit-type. This is the doctrinal basis of "karma does not err" (業力不亂): not because a real substance enforces the matching, but because the differential configuration of each cause-effect pair is designatable as "specifically this, not that." Cheng Weishi Lun subsumes this entry under the blanket closing (「准前理趣皆應遮止」, T31.0006b13–14): whatever enforces the distinctness cannot be found as a separate thing from citta and rūpa; the designation stands, but the supposed substance does not.

Cross-tradition

Theravāda does not separately enumerate pratiniyama as a paññatti. The corresponding phenomena are organized under the five-niyāma classificatory system (Vism XVII.143) — kamma-niyāma (karmic law) overlaps most closely with Asg's pratiniyama in covering the determinate specificity of cause-effect relations. However, the five niyāmas are explanatory categories, not dharma-list positions, so the structural analogy is approximate rather than precise. Both traditions resist reifying the distinctness into a separate agent.

Practitioner's seam

pratiniyama names the lived certainty that actions of different kinds have different consequences — and that this is not random. The meditator trusts that cultivating mettā has mettā-type effects, not hatred-type effects. This trust is not naive; it rests on the designatable differential configuration of karma. Recognizing pratiniyama as a designation (not a law-enforcing substance) loosens the implicit grip of "something out there is keeping score" — the keeping-score is a label for the differential, not an entity doing the labeling.

Translation

Determinate distinctness — positional designation upon the variedness of cause-effect chains (hetu-phala-nānātva): each cause-type produces its own effect-type, determinately and distinctly. Without independent substance — the matching of cause and effect is not a law enforced by a separate regulator, but a designation for the inherent differential configuration of conditioned dharmas.

translator's note

譯者按: 結構分析詳 S3-P12。本條要義在「定」與「異」之雙重假立——「異」(nānātva,差別性)揭示因果鏈之多樣;「定」(niyama,決定性)揭示此多樣非偶然,乃有規律之差別,此即「業力不亂」之假立依據(→#85 流轉,→#87 相應)。