數Number-designation
不相應行第二十二。於諸行之逐一差別(*pratyekaśo bheda*)分位中,假立「數」(*saṃkhyā*,「計別」「枚數」)之名——其體非實,乃諸行分別計量之施設。「一」「二」「三」乃至一切數量,皆依諸行之「各別性」而起,無獨立之數量實體。
漢zh · Xuanzang 譯
不相應行第二十二。於諸行之逐一差別(pratyekaśo bheda)分位中,假立「數」(saṃkhyā,「計別」「枚數」)之名——其體非實,乃諸行分別計量之施設。「一」「二」「三」乃至一切數量,皆依諸行之「各別性」而起,無獨立之數量實體。
經
不相應行為論藏所立之分析範疇,於阿含、尼柯耶不作獨立法目;其經藏概念線索可由「五蘊」「六根」「十二緣起」「三十七道品」等一切數量施設之現象的用法追溯——皆為數之施設,然皆假立。論藏將此現象學結構化為獨立分析範疇;《阿毘達磨集論》收編入「心不相應行」總綱,並由瑜伽行派重判為假立(prajñapti)[(→#71) 詞族假立框架已詳]。本條為普通 prajñapti——於阿含、Nikāya 無獨立法目,故漢段經 sub-節以現象學教證代正式 [共傳]/[大乘] 標準分判。
論
《顯揚聖教論》卷一(T31n1602, T31.0484b25–26):
數者,謂諸行等各別相續體相流轉性。
——「數」即諸行之各別性 + 相續體相流轉性之假立標記。「各別」(pratyeka-bheda) 是數量之根:若諸行不分別,即無「一」「二」「三」;「相續體相流轉性」則為其 temporal 維度——數量依相續分別而累計。
⚠ In Review · 來源注意:v0.1 誤屬此引文為《大乘五蘊論》;CBETA 字節核查確認正確來源為顯揚聖教論 T31n1602 T31.0484b25–26(Patch 1 已修正)。
《大乘阿毘達磨雜集論》卷二(T31n1606, T31.0701a08–09)[平行引文]:
數者,謂於諸行一一差別,假立為數。一一差別者,於一無別二三等數,不應理故。
——雜集論說明邏輯:「一一差別」(pratyekaśo bheda)為數之基礎——若諸行無逐一之差別,即「於一無別二三」,數量之施設即不成立。
按:顯揚以「各別相續體相流轉性」說數之現象的基礎,雜集論以「一一差別/於一無別二三不應理」說數之邏輯基礎,二者互補。⭐ 本條(#92 數)為 #85–#94 sub-block 中唯一不以「因果」(hetuphala)框架立義之條目——Asg 直接以「諸行之逐一差別」立數,無 hetuphala 前綴,此為 #85–#94 詞族之內部義理分化點(→#71 假立框架)。
梵saṃskṛta
saṃkhyā < sam-(共、合)+ √khyā(說、宣示、計算)+ -ā(陰性後綴)——「共計」「總計」「枚數」。√khyā 為「告知、宣說、計算」之根;ākhyāna(傳說、敘述)、vyākhyā(解說)、saṃkhyā(數)皆同根。
⚠ In Review · 詞源注意:saṃkhyā(< sam- + √khyā)與 saṃskāra(< sam- + √kṛ「作、做」)僅共 sam- 前綴,根不同——二者非同根衍生(v0.1 梵段誤合二根,Patch 2 已修正)。
⚠ In Review · 印歐同源待考。Pāli saṅkhā < saṃkhyā,子音群簡化(ṃkhy → ṅkh),標準 Pāli 音韻演變 ✅。
⚠ In Review · saṃkhyā 一字亦為印度六派哲學之一「數論派」(Sāṃkhya)之名——「以數計量、列舉諸實有」之派;佛教取本字之「數量」一義,而非數論派之形而上實有枚舉。二者共字形,義域各取。
Asg 定義(Abhidh-s 11,saṃskāra-skandha 不相應行段):
saṃkhyā katamā / saṃskārāṇāṃ pratyekaśo bhede saṃkhyā iti prajñaptiḥ //
於諸行之逐一差別(saṃskārāṇāṃ pratyekaśo bheda——「逐行一一計別」)稱為「數」之假立。此公式直接以諸行之個體差別性為數量之基底,無「因果」(hetuphala)橋接詞——為 #85–#94 公式序列中之例外。
按:Asg 於數之定義中棄用 hetuphala 框架,改以「saṃskārāṇāṃ pratyekaśo bheda」立義——此改動之哲學意涵:數量之基礎不在因果關係,而在諸行之個體分離性;若諸行渾然不分,即無數量。與 #90 方(hetuphala 之空間向度)及 #91 時(hetuphala 之時間向度)不同,#92 數是諸行個體差別本身之假立名——三法(方、時、數)之立義基底各異,顯示 Asg 對 24 不相應行並非一律套用單一公式。
巴pāḷi
南傳阿毘達磨無「數」作為獨立 prajñapti 法目。然《攝阿毘達磨義論》(Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha VIII.4)列 gaṇanā-paññatti(計數概念)為六種 paññatti 子類之一——與 #90 方、#91 時同,南北傳在「數為假立/paññatti」之本體地位上達致跨傳統共識。
三條(方 #90 / 時 #91 / 數 #92)形成一個南北共識組——三者皆為南傳 paññatti 子類、北傳瑜伽行派 prajñapti,而非任何一方之 dravya-sat。此組合之哲學意涵:「認知座標」類(空間、時間、數量)於兩大阿毘達磨傳統中均獲得共同的去實體化判定,無論二者在其他法目之立場如何分歧。
按:南北對「方/時/數」三法之共同 paññatti/prajñapti 判定,形成阿毘達磨哲學史上一個值得注意的彙合 zone——兩傳統各自從不同路徑(南傳之六 paññatti 範疇 / 瑜伽行派之 24 prajñapti 位)得出相同本體結論。此共識並非源於文本互借,而是對同一現象的直覺之獨立哲學裁定。
漢綜述zh-synthesis
「數」之梵文 saṃkhyā < sam-(共、合)+ √khyā(說、宣示、計算)+ -ā(陰性後綴)= 「共計」「總計」「枚數」。√khyā 同根:ākhyāna(傳說、敘述,「徹底宣說」)、vyākhyā(解說,「分別宣說」)。⚠️ 詞源分辨:saṃkhyā(< sam- + √khyā)與 saṃskāra(< sam- + √kṛ「作、做」)僅共 sam- 前綴,根不同,二者非同根衍生。印歐祖語同源待考。Pāli saṅkhā 為標準音韻演變(ṃkhy → ṅkh)。⭐ 哲學同名注意:saṃkhyā 亦為印度六派哲學之一「數論派」(Sāṃkhya)之名——「以數計量、列舉諸實有」之派;佛教取本字之「數量」一義,而非數論派之形而上實有枚舉。本 100 法目錄本身即一個佛教 saṃkhyā 工程。此為數理時方類之第三條。
數為 24 不相應行之第二十二,數理時方類之第三條。Asg 定義(saṃskārāṇāṃ pratyekaśo bhede saṃkhyā iti prajñaptiḥ)揭示:saṃskārāṇāṃ pratyekaśo bheda(諸行之逐一差別)為基底,saṃkhyā(數)為其假立名。⭐ 結構特殊性:本條為 #85–#94 sub-block 之文本獨例——Asg 直接以「諸行之逐一差別」立數,無 hetuphala 橋接詞(其餘各條均以 hetu-phala-X 框架立義),顯示數量之假立基底為諸行之個體差別性,而非因果關係之某一向度。雜集論邏輯:「一一差別者,於一無別二三等數,不應理故」——若諸行渾然不分,即無「一」「二」「三」,數量之施設即不成立。顯揚「各別相續體相流轉性」說數之現象的基礎(temporal 維度),雜集論說數之邏輯基礎,二者互補。與 #90 方(空間向度,→#90)、#91 時(時間向度,→#91)同屬「認知座標」類,三條合構 Asg 對此類之去實體化定義群。⭐ 南北在「數為假立/paññatti」之本體地位上達致跨傳統共識。
⭐ 本條為 #85–#94 詞族中少數南北傳有實質本體共識之條目(與 →#90 方、→#91 時同,構成「認知座標」三條共識組)。《攝阿毘達磨義論》VIII.4 列 gaṇanā-paññatti(計數概念)為六種 paññatti 子類之一——北傳「數為假立」與南傳「數為 paññatti」於本體地位達致共識。此三條(方/時/數)形成南北共同去實體化判定之「認知座標」彙合 zone(→#71 假立框架)。
數作為 prajñapti 之修行涵義:「五蘊」之「五」並非諸蘊之固有數量屬性,而是依五個可分辨蘊群之逐一差別而假立。觀數為假立,即鬆動「五蘊是五個固定存在之束」之直覺,留下諸行差別流動之連續配置——分辨性仍有效(五仍可計)、本體執取已鬆解。
「數」玄奘既譯。英譯 Number-designation 較 number 更明示 prajñapti 性格;numerical designation 亦可。
數 ——於諸行之逐一差別(saṃskārāṇāṃ pratyekaśo bheda,saṃkhyā;Asg 直接以差別性立義,不以 hetu-phala 框架橋接),假立「數」之名;性為諸行個體差別性之計量配置(無逐一差別則無數),業為諸行可分辨性之數量標示;非別有體,依色心分位差別之合成假立。
英綜述en-synthesis
saṃkhyā derives from sam- "together, completely" + √khyā "to declare, to reckon, to count" + feminine suffix -ā: "full enumeration, counted-together-ness." The root √khyā appears in ākhyāna "narrative, tale" (to-declare-completely) and vyākhyā "explanation" (to-declare-separately). PIE connection is not strongly attested; v0.1 and verification report both flag ⚠️. The Pāli cognate saṅkhā reflects standard consonant cluster simplification (ṃkhy → ṅkh). Note: saṃkhyā (< √khyā) and saṃskāra (< √kṛ "to do/make") share only the sam- prefix — they are not co-rooted despite visual similarity; saṃskāra is the "put-together-deed" while saṃkhyā is the "counted-together-total."
The Sāṃkhya darśana (one of India's six classical philosophical systems) takes its name from this root: sāṃkhya as the "enumerative" school, cataloguing the tattvas (realities). Buddhist use takes the narrower sense of "number" while structurally resonating with the Sāṃkhya impulse toward exhaustive enumeration — the 100-dharma list itself is a Buddhist saṃkhyā project.
saṃkhyā is the twenty-second of the 24 cittaviprayukta-saṃskāra. Asg's formula (saṃskārāṇāṃ pratyekaśo bhede saṃkhyā iti prajñaptiḥ) is notably distinct from the preceding entries in the #85–#94 sub-block: it does not use the hetuphala (cause-effect) framing that structures #85–#91 and #93. Number is grounded directly in saṃskārāṇāṃ pratyekaśo bheda — the one-by-one individuation of conditioned dharmas. If dharmas were not individuable, there would be no "one," no "two," no "three" — no number. 雜集論 makes this logic explicit: "if there were no one-by-one difference, then 'two' and 'three' would be indistinguishable from 'one' — which is incoherent." Number is thus the imputed name for the discreteness of the dharma-stream, not a property that floats above it or below it.
Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha VIII.4 lists gaṇanā-paññatti (numeral designation) among the six paññatti subtypes. Together with #90 方 and #91 時, this creates a cluster of three entries where Yogācāra and Theravāda converge on the prajñapti/paññatti verdict: space, time, and number are all designation-only, not real dharmas. This three-way convergence is philosophically notable — it suggests that "cognitive coordinates" (space, time, number) are a natural category for the prajñapti/paññatti verdict across both traditions, regardless of their other architectural differences.
saṃkhyā's prajñapti-status means "five" in "five aggregates" is not a property of a metaphysical fiveness — it is a designation imputed on five discriminable dharma-groupings. The practitioner who meditates on the aggregates and arrives at "this is one, this is two, this is five" is performing saṃkhyā-prajñapti in real time. The insight: counting does not reveal a pre-existing number embedded in reality; counting imputes pratyekaśo bheda — one-by-one discreteness — onto what is otherwise a flowing, interrelated continuum. The contemplation of saṃkhyā as prajñapti loosens the reification of "the five aggregates" as five discrete bundles and opens back toward the undifferentiated arising-and-passing from which the counting started.
Number-designation (saṃkhyā) — Of the one-by-one individuation (pratyekaśo bheda) of conditioned dharmas (saṃskāra), [we apply] the designation "number" — imputed on the discreteness-differential of the dharma-continuum, not as an independent numerical property.
譯translator's note
譯者按: 本條為不相應行 #85–#94 prajñapti sub-詞族第八條,結構分析詳 S3-P12。⭐ #92 數為本 sub-詞族唯一棄用「hetuphala」框架之條目——Asg 直接以「諸行之逐一差別」(saṃskārāṇāṃ pratyekaśo bheda)立義,顯示數量之假立基底為諸行之個體差別性,而非因果關係之某一向度;與 #90 方(空間向度)、#91 時(時間向度)之立義邏輯各有側重,三者合構 Asg 對「認知座標」之去實體化定義群。南北三條共同 paññatti/prajñapti 共識為 #85–#94 詞族之顯著彙合 zone。