目次Contents
卷首Front matter

清淨道論VisuddhimaggaVisuddhimagga

覺音造
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法數索引 · Doctrinal index
前言Preface

題解

《清淨道論》（Visuddhimagga），覺音（Buddhaghosa）造，巴利語，二十三品。此論以戒、定、慧三學總攝解脫之道：第一至第二品說戒與頭陀支；第三至第十三品說定——自取業處起，歷地遍、餘遍、不淨、六隨念、隨念業處、梵住、無色，而收於定之解釋、神變與神通；第十四至第二十三品說慧——先立蘊、處、界、根、諦、緣起為慧地，次以七清淨中之後五清淨為慧體，終於修慧之利益。此論以巴利傳世，南傳上座部奉為修道次第之總綱。

本書性質

本書是《清淨道論》的分層詮釋本。全書依原論二十三品編次，品內依論文次第分單元，每單元五層並立、各司其職：

層名所司
一原典巴利原典之欄：有自家校讀之品（第七、第八品）逐字錄其公版文本，保留 PTS 頁錨（如〔V i 197〕）；其餘諸品以電子本為內部工作譯底，定位以段號（如〔CSCD §525〕）為之，欄文不上讀者面
二白話本編自巴利原典之今語譯疏（tr. mine）——逐段而譯，問、答、分類、限定與譬喻不漏，只把論文說了什麼如實說出，不加義理；各單元腳注最小，唯釋首出之名相、涉義之異讀與跨章之互指
三義疏完整教學散文——先立大局，再逐節承白話開講，每處推闡皆可回錨本段字句；對位之說一律標明為讀者之讀
四考據科判定位、詞義與譯語、異讀、論主引據、譬喻修辭、章內互讀、傳本七目——查無即記無，不為不存在的典據留空目
五心要獨立蒸餾短文，自取一個角度把本單元之髓提出來

五層分立而不相混：對讀者讀原典與白話，求教者讀義疏，查核者讀考據，初訪者讀心要。白話層是詮釋本之文本底，不是替代全譯之學術譯本；欲讀全文，中文請參葉均譯《清淨道論》，英文請參 Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli 之英譯——本書指向此二譯本，不複製、不衍生其文字、結構與分節。

讀法

全書二十三品，一品一夾；品內單元依論文次第分立，一單元一夾、自成五層；各品自具法數索引。二十三品如次——

戒之部：戒品第一 · 頭陀支品第二
定之部：取業處品第三 · 地遍品第四 · 餘遍品第五 · 不淨業處品第六 · 六隨念品第七 · 隨念業處品第八 · 梵住品第九 · 無色品第十 · 定之解釋品第十一 · 神變品第十二 · 神通品第十三
慧之部：蘊品第十四 · 處界品第十五 · 根諦品第十六 · 緣起品第十七 · 見清淨品第十八 · 度疑清淨品第十九 · 道非道智見清淨品第二十 · 行道智見清淨品第二十一 · 智見清淨品第二十二 · 修慧之利益品第二十三

第十八至第二十二品為七清淨之後五清淨，首尾相承，宜連讀。

底本與凡例

  • 底本：巴利原典以 PTS（Pali Text Society）Rhys Davids 校本（1920–21，公有領域）為義理與定位之準；有自家校讀之品（第七、第八品）其原典欄逐字出自本編自校之公版文本。其餘諸品以 CSCD（VRI）電子本為內部工作譯底——只譯不錄，其文不上讀者面，亦不整段重製於任何一層；異讀參校而不錄，涉所譯之義者於考據誌之。
  • 定位二式：〔Vism 章.§〕承通行之章節號；〔CSCD §NN〕為各單元原典欄之段號，逐字可核。二式各有所據，本書不推估其對映、不互換。有自家校讀之品另加 PTS 頁錨〔V i N〕；未經對頁之品不寫頁碼。
  • 引據：一切義理陳述皆可回溯至可核之段落；查無所據者不立。巴利短引皆本編自譯，隨文標 tr. mine；不引他譯之措辭。
  • 白話、義疏、考據、心要四層中英雙語；英文為中文之鏡本，逐段對應，非獨立著作。原典層唯巴利。

著者與協作聲明

著者：釋慧鏡（Shi Huijing）。本書於人類主導下借助 AI 協助起草與校對；一切教義判讀、詞義裁定與異讀取捨，皆經著者親自核校裁決。AI 不作教義、章句或異讀之定奪。

授權

本作品採用創用 CC 姓名標示—非商業性—相同方式分享 4.0 國際（CC BY-NC-SA 4.0）授權條款發布。巴利原典據 PTS 公有領域校本。

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa.

The work

The Visuddhimagga (清淨道論, "The Path of Purity") was composed by Buddhaghosa in Pāli, in twenty-three chapters. The treatise gathers the whole path of liberation under the three trainings of virtue, concentration, and wisdom: chapters 1 and 2 treat virtue and the ascetic practices; chapters 3 to 13 treat concentration—from taking up a meditation subject through the earth kasiṇa, the remaining kasiṇas, foulness, the six recollections, the recollections as meditation subjects, the divine abodes, and the immaterial states, closing with the explanation of concentration, supernormal power, and the direct knowledges; chapters 14 to 23 treat wisdom—first establishing the aggregates, bases, elements, faculties, truths, and dependent arising as the ground of wisdom, then the last five of the seven purifications as the body of wisdom, and ending with the benefits of developing wisdom. The work has come down to us in Pāli and is held by the Theravāda tradition as the master outline of the gradual path.

What this edition is

This is a layered exposition edition of the Visuddhimagga. The book follows the treatise's own order of twenty-three chapters; within each chapter, units follow the sequence of the text, and each unit carries five distinct layers, each serving its own reader:

LayerNamePurpose
1SourceThe column of the Pāli original: for the chapters with this edition's own collated text (chapters 7 and 8), the public-domain text is reproduced verbatim with PTS page anchors preserved (e.g. 〔V i 197〕); for the remaining chapters an electronic text serves as the internal working base, loci given by paragraph number (e.g. 〔CSCD §525〕), and the column itself is not shown to the reader
2VernacularThis edition's own rendering-with-exposition from the Pāli original (tr. mine)—rendered paragraph by paragraph, every question, answer, classification, qualification, and simile accounted for; it states what the treatise says, adding no doctrine; each unit carries minimal notes, explaining only terms at first occurrence, variant readings that bear on meaning, and cross-chapter references
3ExpositionFull teaching prose—first the larger picture, then section by section taking up the vernacular, with every elaboration anchored to the wording of the passage; cross-tradition remarks are always marked as the reader's reading
4ApparatusSeven sections: structural location, word meanings and translation terms, variant readings, sources cited by the Commentator, similes and rhetoric, cross-reading within the chapter, transmission—where nothing is found, "nothing found" is recorded, and no section is left open for evidence that does not exist
5DoorwayA free-standing distillation, drawing out the marrow of the unit from a single chosen angle

The five layers stand separate and are never merged: the comparative reader takes Source and Vernacular, the student takes the Exposition, the checker takes the Apparatus, the first-time visitor takes the Doorway. The Vernacular is the textual base of the exposition, not a scholarly translation meant to replace a complete one; for the full text, see, in Chinese, 葉均's translation of the Visuddhimagga, and, in English, the translation by Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli—this book points to these two translations; it does not reproduce or derive from their wording, structure, or section breaks.

How to read

The book has twenty-three chapters, one folder per chapter; within each chapter, units follow the sequence of the text, one folder per unit, five layers within; each chapter carries its own index of dharma-numbers. The twenty-three chapters—

Division on virtue: 1. Virtue · 2. The Ascetic Practices
Division on concentration: 3. Taking Up a Meditation Subject · 4. The Earth Kasiṇa · 5. The Remaining Kasiṇas · 6. Foulness as a Meditation Subject · 7. The Six Recollections · 8. The Recollections as Meditation Subjects · 9. The Divine Abodes · 10. The Immaterial States · 11. The Explanation of Concentration · 12. Supernormal Power · 13. The Direct Knowledges
Division on wisdom: 14. The Aggregates · 15. Bases and Elements · 16. Faculties and Truths · 17. Dependent Arising · 18. Purification of View · 19. Purification by Overcoming Doubt · 20. Purification by Knowledge and Vision of What Is and Is Not the Path · 21. Purification by Knowledge and Vision of the Way · 22. Purification by Knowledge and Vision · 23. The Benefits of Developing Wisdom

Chapters 18 to 22 are the last five of the seven purifications; they run continuously and are best read together.

Base text and conventions

  • Base text: the Pāli original follows the Pali Text Society edition of Rhys Davids (1920–21, public domain) as the standard for doctrine and loci; for the chapters with this edition's own collated text (chapters 7 and 8), the Source column is reproduced verbatim from the public-domain text collated by this edition. For the remaining chapters the CSCD (VRI) electronic text serves as the internal working base—rendered from, never transcribed; its text is not shown to the reader and is not reproduced at length in any layer; variant readings are consulted but not recorded, and those that bear on the rendering are noted in the Apparatus.
  • Two systems of loci: 〔Vism chapter.§〕 follows the received chapter-and-section numbering; 〔CSCD §NN〕 is the paragraph number of each unit's Source column, verifiable word for word. Each has its own basis; this book neither estimates a correspondence between the two nor converts one into the other. The chapters with this edition's own collated text also carry PTS page anchors 〔V i N〕; no page number is written for a chapter not collated against the pages.
  • Grounding: every doctrinal statement traces to a checkable passage; where no source is found, no claim is made. Short Pāli quotations are this edition's own renderings, marked tr. mine in the text; no wording is taken from other translations.
  • The Vernacular, Exposition, Apparatus, and Doorway layers are bilingual; the English is a sister rendering of the Chinese, mirrored section by section, not an independent work. The Source layer stands in Pāli.

Author and collaboration statement

Author: 釋慧鏡 (Shi Huijing). This book was drafted and proofread with AI assistance under human direction; every doctrinal judgement, terminological decision, and choice among variant readings was personally verified and decided by the author. The AI decides no matter of doctrine, text, or variant reading.

License

This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license. The Pāli original follows the public-domain PTS edition.

Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa.

  1. 戒品第一1. Virtue
  2. 01序分・綱領偈Introduction and Outline Verse
  3. 02戒之自性與利益The Nature and Benefits of Virtue
  4. 03戒之分別總目General Matrix of the Classifications of Virtue
  5. 04別解脫律儀戒Virtue Consisting in Restraint by the Code
  6. 05根律儀戒Virtue Consisting in Restraint of the Faculties
  7. 06活命遍淨戒Virtue Consisting in Purification of Livelihood
  8. 07資具依止戒Virtue Dependent on Requisites
  9. 08四遍淨戒之成就法The Method of Accomplishing the Fourfold Purification of Virtue
  10. 09五種戒Five Kinds of Virtue
  11. 10戒之雜染與淨化Defilement and Purification of Virtue
  12. 頭陀支品第二2. The Ascetic Practices
  13. 01頭陀支總說——十三支之名與語義General Account of the Ascetic Practices—Names and Meanings of the Thirteen Practices
  14. 02衣之二支——糞掃衣與三衣The Two Robe Practices—Refuse-Rag Wearing and Use of the Three Robes
  15. 03食之五支——常乞食乃至時後不食The Five Food Practices—From Eating Almsfood to Refusing Later Food
  16. 04住之五支——阿蘭若住乃至隨處住The Five Dwelling Practices—From Forest Dwelling to Any-Bed Use
  17. 05精進之一支——常坐The One Energy-Related Practice—Sitting
  18. 06頭陀支之雜論Miscellany Discussion on the Ascetic Practices
  19. 取業處品第三3. Taking Up a Meditation Subject
  20. 01定之八問與分類The Eight Questions and Classification of Concentration
  21. 02十障The Ten Impediments
  22. 03授業處者The Giver of the Meditation Subject
  23. 04六種性行The Six Temperaments
  24. 05四十業處The Forty Meditation Subjects
  25. 地遍品第四4. The Earth Kasiṇa
  26. 01進場——擇處・十八過・五支・小障Entering the Practice—Choosing a Dwelling, the Eighteen Faults, Five Factors, and Minor Impediments
  27. 02修法——安立其器・取相似相・近行安止The Method of Development—Preparing the Device, Acquiring the Learning and Counterpart Signs, Access and Absorption
  28. 03七隨順The Seven Suitabilities
  29. 04十種安止善巧Tenfold Absorption-Skill
  30. 05趣向於相——五喻Facing the Sign—Five Similes
  31. 06初禪——安止心路與定型句逐句釋First Absorption—The Absorption Cognitive Process and the Stock Formula Explained Phrase by Phrase
  32. 07初禪之德相——五蓋捨・五支具・三善十相The Excellent Qualities of the First Absorption—Five Hindrances Abandoned, Five Factors Possessed, Three Excellences and Ten Characteristics
  33. 08得後之工——令久住・增大似相・五自在The Work after Attainment—Making It Last, Enlarging the Counterpart Sign, and Five Masteries
  34. 09二禪The Second Absorption
  35. 10三禪——離喜・十捨・念正知The Third Absorption—Leaving Rapture Behind, Ten Kinds of Equanimity, Mindfulness and Clear Comprehension
  36. 11四禪與五分法・品末The Fourth Absorption, the Fivefold System, and the Chapter Close
  37. 餘遍品第五5. The Remaining Kasiṇas
  38. 01水・火・風三遍The Water, Fire, and Air Kasiṇas
  39. 02色遍四種——青黃赤白The Four Color Kasiṇas—Blue, Yellow, Red, and White
  40. 03光明遍・限定虛空遍與雜論The Light Kasiṇa, Limited-Space Kasiṇa, and Miscellany
  41. 不淨業處品第六6. Foulness as a Meditation Subject
  42. 01十不淨之語義與膨脹相業處Word Meanings of the Ten Kinds of Foulness and the Meditation Subject of the Bloated
  43. 02青瘀乃至骸骨九業處Nine Meditation Subjects from the Livid through the Skeleton
  44. 03不淨之雜論Miscellany on Foulness
  45. 六隨念品第七7. The Six Recollections
  46. 01佛隨念Recollection of the Buddha
  47. 02法隨念Recollection of the Dhamma
  48. 03僧隨念Recollection of the Sangha
  49. 04戒隨念Recollection of Virtue
  50. 05捨隨念Recollection of Generosity
  51. 06天隨念Recollection of Deities
  52. 07雜論Miscellany
  53. 隨念業處品第八8. The Recollections as Meditation Subjects
  54. 01死隨念 — 八種行相Mindfulness of Death — Eight Modes
  55. 02身至念 — 三十二行Mindfulness of the Body — Thirty-Two Parts
  56. 03入出息念 — 八階修法與四念處Mindfulness of Breathing — The Eight Stages and Four Foundations
  57. 04寂止隨念Recollection of Peace
  58. 梵住品第九9. The Divine Abodes
  59. 01慈 MettāGoodwill Mettā
  60. 02悲 KaruṇāCompassion Karuṇā
  61. 03喜 MuditāSympathetic Joy Muditā
  62. 04捨 UpekkhāEquanimity Upekkhā
  63. 05雜論 PakiṇṇakakathāMiscellany Discussion Pakiṇṇakakathā
  64. 無色品第十10. The Immaterial States
  65. 01空無邊處The Base of Infinite Space
  66. 02識無邊處The Base of Infinite Consciousness
  67. 03無所有處The Base of Nothingness
  68. 04非想非非想處The Base of Neither Perception nor Non-perception
  69. 05無色之雜論Miscellany Discussion on the Immaterial
  70. 定之解釋品第十一11. The Explanation of Concentration
  71. 01食厭想Perception of Repulsiveness in Food
  72. 02四界分別——總說・經據與簡廣二法Defining of the Four Elements—Overview, Scriptural Sources, and Brief and Detailed Methods
  73. 03四界分別——四十二分之逐分把握Defining of the Four Elements—Part-by-Part Apprehension of the Forty-Two Parts
  74. 04四界分別——十三行相之作意與結Defining of the Four Elements—Attention through Thirteen Modes and Conclusion
  75. 05修定之利益Benefits of Developing Concentration
  76. 神變品第十二12. Supernormal Power
  77. 01神通總論——十四行相之調心General Discussion of the Direct Knowledges—Training the Mind in Fourteen Modes
  78. 02十種神變Ten Kinds of Supernormal Power
  79. 03神變之四地・四足・八句・十六根The Four Grounds, Four Bases, Eight Terms, and Sixteen Roots of Supernormal Power
  80. 04一身多身與隱顯One into Many, Manifestation and Concealment
  81. 05穿壁乃至手捫日月Passing through Walls to Touching the Sun and Moon
  82. 06身自在至梵界——降伏難陀優波難陀龍王Mastery with the Body as Far as the Brahmā World—Subduing the Nāga King Nandopananda
  83. 神通品第十三13. The Direct Knowledges
  84. 01天耳界智Knowledge of the Divine Ear Element
  85. 02他心智Knowledge That Penetrates Minds
  86. 03宿住隨念智——總說與修法Knowledge of the Recollection of Past Lives—General Account and Cultivation
  87. 04劫之壞與成——三災與宿住之隨念Dissolution and Evolution of an Aeon—the Three Disasters and Recollection of Past Lives
  88. 05有情死生智——天眼Knowledge of the Death and Rebirth of Beings—the Divine Eye
  89. 06雜論——諸神通智之所緣分別Miscellany Discussion—Analysis of the Objects of the Direct Knowledges
  90. 蘊品第十四14. The Aggregates
  91. 01慧之總說General Discussion of Wisdom
  92. 02色蘊The Form Aggregate
  93. 03識蘊The Consciousness Aggregate
  94. 04受蘊與想蘊The Feeling and Perception Aggregates
  95. 05行蘊The Formations Aggregate
  96. 06過去等之分別Analysis Beginning with the Past
  97. 07次第等之決擇Determination of Order and the Other Modes
  98. 處界品第十五15. Bases and Elements
  99. 01十二處——眼耳鼻舌身意與色聲香味觸法The Twelve Sense Bases—Eye, Ear, Nose, Tongue, Body, and Mind; Visible Form, Sound, Odor, Taste, Touch, and Phenomena
  100. 02十八界The Eighteen Elements
  101. 根諦品第十六16. Faculties and Truths
  102. 01二十二根The Twenty-Two Faculties
  103. 02四諦總說——語義・相・分別次第等General Account of the Four Truths—Derivation, Characteristic, Division, Order, and the Rest
  104. 03苦諦——生・老・死之解釋The Truth of Suffering—Explanation of Birth, Aging, and Death
  105. 04苦諦——愁悲苦憂惱乃至五取蘊The Truth of Suffering—Sorrow, Lamentation, Pain, Grief, and Despair through the Five Aggregates of Clinging
  106. 05集諦・滅諦與涅槃之論The Truth of Origin, the Truth of Cessation, and the Discussion of Nibbāna
  107. 06道諦——八支聖道The Truth of the Path—The Noble Eightfold Path
  108. 07一種等之決擇——四諦之判釋與品末The Analysis by Singlefold and the Rest—The Classification of the Four Truths and the Close of the Chapter
  109. 緣起品第十七17. Dependent Arising
  110. 01緣起總說General Account of Dependent Origination
  111. 02無明緣行句The Clause “With Ignorance as Condition, Formations”
  112. 03發趣二十四緣The Twenty-Four Conditions of the Paṭṭhāna
  113. 04無明緣行廣說Detailed Account of “With Ignorance as Condition, Formations”
  114. 05行緣識廣說Detailed Account of “With Formations as Condition, Consciousness”
  115. 06識緣名色廣說Detailed Account of “With Consciousness as Condition, Name-and-Form”
  116. 07名色緣六處廣說Detailed Account of “With Name-and-Form as Condition, the Six Bases”
  117. 08六處緣觸・觸緣受・受緣渴愛三句廣說Detailed Accounts of “With the Six Bases as Condition, Contact,” “With Contact as Condition, Feeling,” and “With Feeling as Condition, Craving”
  118. 09渴愛緣取廣說Detailed Account of “With Craving as Condition, Clinging”
  119. 10取緣有廣說Detailed Account of “With Clinging as Condition, Becoming”
  120. 11有緣生等廣說・有輪Detailed Accounts of “With Becoming as Condition, Birth” and the Rest, and the Wheel of Becoming
  121. 見清淨品第十八18. Purification of View
  122. 01見清淨Purification of View
  123. 02無色法之現起相・眾經之會通How Immaterial Phenomena Become Manifest and the Collation of Many Discourses
  124. 03以譬喻辨明名色Clarifying Name-and-Form Through Similes
  125. 度疑清淨品第十九19. Purification by Overcoming Doubt
  126. 01度疑清淨Purification by Overcoming Doubt
  127. 道非道智見清淨品第二十20. Purification by Knowledge and Vision of What Is and Is Not the Path
  128. 01思惟智Knowledge of Comprehension
  129. 02四十行相隨觀・根利之九因Contemplation in Forty Modes and the Nine Causes for Sharpening the Faculties
  130. 03見色之生起與無色之生起之行相Modes of Seeing the Arising of Form and the Immaterial
  131. 04色七法思惟Comprehension of Form by the Sevenfold Method
  132. 05無色七法思惟Comprehension of the Immaterial by the Sevenfold Method
  133. 06生滅智Knowledge of Arising and Passing Away
  134. 07觀之隨染・道非道之確定The Corruptions of Insight and Determining What Is and Is Not the Path
  135. 行道智見清淨品第二十一21. Purification by Knowledge and Vision of the Way
  136. 01離隨染之生滅智Knowledge of Arising and Passing Away Freed from Corruptions
  137. 02壞滅隨觀智Knowledge of Contemplation of Dissolution
  138. 03怖畏現起智Knowledge of the Manifestation of Fear
  139. 04過患隨觀智Knowledge of Contemplation of Danger
  140. 05厭離隨觀智・欲解脫智Knowledge of Contemplation of Disenchantment and Knowledge of Desire for Deliverance
  141. 06省察隨觀智Knowledge of Contemplation of Reflection
  142. 07行捨智Knowledge of Equanimity about Formations
  143. 08隨順智・至出起觀Conformity Knowledge and Insight Leading to Emergence
  144. 智見清淨品第二十二22. Purification by Knowledge and Vision
  145. 01初道智・入流者First Path Knowledge and the Stream-Enterer
  146. 02第二三四道智・阿羅漢Knowledge of the Second, Third, and Fourth Paths and the Arahant
  147. 03菩提分法Requisites of Awakening
  148. 04出起與力之相應The Correspondence of Emergence with the Powers
  149. 05所斷法之斷The Abandonment of What Is to Be Abandoned
  150. 06遍知等之作用The Functions Beginning with Full Understanding
  151. 07遍知等之分別・品末The Divisions of Full Understanding and the Rest, and the Chapter Close
  152. 修慧之利益品第二十三23. The Benefits of Developing Wisdom
  153. 01利益之總說——斷諸煩惱與果等至General Statement of Benefits—Destruction of the Defilements and Fruition Attainment
  154. 02滅盡定Cessation Attainment
  155. 03應供等之成就Accomplishment of Worthiness of Offerings and So Forth
  156. 04結語——全書之收Conclusion—the Close of the Entire Treatise

Translator · 釋慧鏡 Shi Huijing — with AI-assisted rendering, translator-ruled

License · CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

指月 · pointing at the moon